Neuroscience Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
the biology of mind
A
neuroscience
2
Q
belief feeling bumps on someone’s head to tell personalities, skull forms around the brain ~ the areas with the biggest bumps tell something about you
A
phrenology
3
Q
who created the idea of phrenology
A
Franz Gall
4
Q
what was the importance of phrenology?
A
introduced us to brain localization
5
Q
different areas of the brain do different things
A
brain localization
6
Q
which two things disconnected in the case of phineas gage?
A
frontal lobes and amygdala
7
Q
how was phineas gage psychologically?
A
all over the place, emotions were everywhere
8
Q
what happened between phineas gage’s frontal lobes and amygdala?
A
they were severed and couldn’t control eachother
9
Q
the case of phineas gage tells us more about _____ _____?
A
brain localization
10
Q
when was the case of phineas gage?
A
1848
11
Q
staining cells to look at characteristics?
A
cajal
12
Q
when was cajal used?
A
1887
13
Q
neurons are individual units that “talk to” eachother
A
neurone doctrine
14
Q
how many billion neurons and glial cells?
A
each 80-100 billion
15
Q
what are the two components of a neuron?
A
- cell body
2. fibers
16
Q
where all basic functions within a cell occur
A
cell body
17
Q
(fibers)- receives signals from memories?
A
dendrites
18
Q
(fibers)- transmits out signals?
A
axon; myelin sheath
19
Q
disease where the myelin sheath erodes
A
MS; multiple sclerosis
20
Q
information travels through an impulse that travels down an axon
A
neuron transmission
21
Q
neurons communicate over a gap called…
A
a synapse
22
Q
four steps of a neural connection
A
- action potential (AP) travels down the axon
- the AP causes a neurotransmitter to be released
- neurotransmitter crosses the synapse and binds to the receptor site on a receiving neuron
- causes the AP to be generated in the receiving neuron
23
Q
the sending of neurons absorbs any excess neurotransmitters
A
reuptake
24
Q
how many neurotransmitters; how many major
A
over 100; 21 major
25
large molecule neurotransmitters
neuropeptides
26
small molecule neurotransmitters
individual amino acids
27
mimics neurotransmitters, sometimes the brain is fooled
agonist
28
substance can block neurotransmitters
antagonist
29
type of neurotransmitters (1/7)- controls muscular movement; ex: venom
ACh (acetylcholine)
30
type of neurotransmitters (2/7)-controls movement, regulation of emotion; ex: Parkinson's
dopamine
31
type of neurotransmitters (3/7)- related to mood, stronger than dopamine; ex: depression, skits
serotonin
32
type of neurotransmitters (4/7)- how alert you feel; ADHD, drowsy
norepinephrine
33
type of neurotransmitters (5/7)- regulates the levels of all the others, proper balance, regulator
GABA
34
type of neurotransmitters (6//7)- related to memory, essential for memory
glutamate
35
type of neurotransmitters (7//7)- to fight off painful sensations, related to mood a ~little~ bit; ex: heroin
endorphins
36
two components of the nervous system-
1. central (CNS)
| 2. peripheral (PNS)
37
subcomponents of the CNS-
1. brain
| 2. spinal cord
38
subcomponents of the PNS-
1. somatic (conscious)
| 2. automatic (unconscious)
39
(ANS)- charges up your body, adrenaline
sympathetic
40
(ANS)- calms down your body
parasympathetic
41
three types of neurons-
1. sensory neurons
2. motor neurons
3. interneurones
42
(neurons)- nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses
sensory neurons
43
(neurons)- sends messages to muscles, voluntarily
motor neurons
44
(neurons)- processing; thought, perception
interneurons
45
what are the six glands of the endocrine system?
1. thyroid
2. parathyroid
3. adrenal
4. pancreas
5. every/testis
6. pituitary gland
46
(endocrine system)- regulates the body's metabolism
thyroid
47
(endocrine system)- regulates the calcium and potassium levels
parathyroid
48
(endocrine system)- regulates the ~adre~niline gland
adrenal
49
(endocrine system)- secrete insulin, regulates blood sugar level
pancrease
50
(endocrine system)- sexual reproduction
ovary/testis
51
(endocrine system)- mastery gland, sends messages trying to regulate other glands
pituitary gland
52
explain how the pituitary gland relates to growth hormones
growth hormones only happen at night, which is why doctors are worried about kids who are sleep deprived
53
what controls the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
54
(true or false)- we only use 10% of our brain
false
55
how much of our brain do we use? __-__%
90-98%
56
three ways to look at the brain
1. clinical observation
2. EEG
3. brain imaging techniques
57
(brain imaging)- tells us about structure and what they are doing
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
58
(brain imaging)- trace brain wiring
diffusion spectrum imaging
59
two components of the brain structure-
1. lower brain
| 2. higher brain
60
lower brain are found in _____; higher brain found in _____
other species; certain species
61
four components of the lower brain
1. brainstem
2. thalamus
3. cerebellum
4. limbic system
62
three components of the brain stem
1. medulla
2. pons
3. reticular formation
63
(brainstem)- take care of the heart beat and respiration
medulla
64
(brainstem)- help coordinate movement, regulate sleep
pons
65
(brainstem)- regulate physiological arousal
reticular formation
66
(brain structure)- takes signals from all 5 senses from neurons, receives signals and lays them out to higher levels with work on
sensory switchboard of the brain
67
(brain structure)-
1. coordinates movement
2. controls balance
3. primitive memory system, basic skills are stored here
cerebellum
68
three components of the limbic system-
1. hippocampus
2. amygdala
3. hypothalamus
69
(limbic system)- transfers information from your short term memory to your long term memory
hippocampus
70
(limbic system)- emotional center of the brain, regulating emotions
amygdala
71
(limbic system)- involved in bodily maintenance
| ex. hunger and thirst, body temperature, regulate sexual behavior
hypothalamus
72
the higher brain is the _____
cortex
73
the four regions of the higher brain
1. frontal
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. occipital
74
grey matter are the _____
cell bodies
75
white matter are the _____
axons
76
the four functions of the cortex
1. motor functions
2. sensory functions
3. association functions
4. language
77
(functions of the cortex)- motor neurons in the cortex that send messages down to the body; such as muscles
motor functions
78
(functions of the cortex)- thalamus with route to visual cortex; such as the auditory cortex
sensory functions
79
(functions of the cortex)- regulates emotions; such as memory, problem solving
associated functions
80
(functions of the cortex)- sets us apart from other species, has three functions
language
81
three components of language-
1. Broca's area
2. Wernickle's area
3. angular gyrus
82
(language)- gives us the ability to speak
Broca's area
83
language)- gives us the idea to understand speech
Wernickle's area
84
language)- gives us the ability to read and understand letters
angular gyrus
85
the ability for the brain to repair itself after damage
brain plasticity
86
at what age would brain plasticity be easier?
at a younger age
87
production of new neurons, seen mostly in the hippocampus
neurogenesis
88
the brain is divided into two hemispheres and are connect by the corps callosum
brain lateralization
89
(brain lateralization)- side that deals with language, analytic reading, word processing
left hemisphere
90
(brain lateralization)- side that deals with music, facial recognization, expressions of emotion, picture processing, subtle interfacing in language, self-awareness
right hemisphere
