Introduction

Question 1

what is pathophysiology

Answer 1

the study of the underlying changes in body physiology (molecular, cellular, and organ systems) that result from disease or injury

Question 2

What is disease?

Answer 2

An acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with that causes physiological dysfunction

Question 3

what is illness?

Answer 3

a persons experience of a disease

a state where a person has feelings or pain or discomfort that does not have an identifiable reason

Question 4

what is etiology?

Answer 4

the study of the cause of disease

ex, AIDs is caused by HIV

Question 5

what is epidemiology?

Answer 5

the study of patterns of disease in large groups of people

Question 6

What are the two terms included in epidemiology?

Answer 6

incidence and prevalence

Question 7

what is incidence?

Answer 7

the number of new cases during a specific time (typically a year)

Question 8

what is prevalence?

Answer 8

existing disease at any given time (total)

Question 9

what is primary prevention?

Answer 9

-prevent disease from occurring

ex, education, physical activity, genetic testing, good hygiene, not smoking, vaccinations

Question 10

what is secondary prevention?

Answer 10

Early detection of disease

ex, screening, pap smears, testicular exams

Question 11

what is tertiary prevention?

Answer 11

Prevent deterioration/ complications
early aggressive treatment
disease is already present
rehab

Question 12

risk factors can either be..

Answer 12

non-modifiable or modifiable

Question 13

what are non modifiable risk factors and what are some examples?

Answer 13

def: can either directly cause (etiology) or increase our risk of disease
- ex, heredity, genetics, age (susceptibility of disease and cancer increases with ag) , sex, ethnicity (leukemia is higher in Caucasian people, high bp is more common in ethnic groups)

Question 14

What are some examples of modifiable risk factors?

Answer 14

smoking, alcohol and drug use, level of activity/ immobility, body weight, diet/ nutrition, environment, social determinants of health, and stress

Question 15

what is “intrinsic” cause?

Answer 15

within is as a whole organism, genetics, inflammatory system, nervous system

Question 16

what is extrinsic cause?

Answer 16

outside of organism- ex, virus, infection

Question 17

what is idiopathic cause?

Answer 17

unknown process

Question 18

what is iatrogenic cause?

Answer 18

related to medical care, ex- catheter can cause UTI

Question 19

the process of disease can be related to…

Answer 19

multifactorial (many factors contributing to disease) obstruction 
genetics 
inappropriate inflammatory response
inappropriate immune response 
infection 
inappropriate cellular environment 
(neutransmitters, fluids, electrolytes, acid/base
inappropriate cell growth

Question 20

what are multifactorial disorders?

Answer 20

Diseases caused by a number of genes acting together and influenced by other factors
ex, genetics +inflammation / immune / infection

Question 21

what is obstruction?

Answer 21

an obstruction that can occur anywhere their is a “tube”

ex, reproductive, gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular, vein, blood vessles, kidneys, brain

Question 22

what are the two types of obstruction?

Answer 22

1) mechanical

2) functional

Question 23

what is mechanical obstruction?

Answer 23

a physical object that blocks a tube

ex, tumor, blood clot, kidney stone

Question 24

what is functional obstruction?

Answer 24

ex, paralysis, impaired function, paralysed renal system

Question 25

how can genetics cause disease?

Answer 25

mutations, aneuploidy, single gene disorders

Question 26

what is a mutation?

Answer 26

any inherited alteration of genetic material

Question 27

what are mutagens?

Answer 27

radiation, various chemicals

Question 28

what is base pair substitution?

Answer 28

when one base pair is substituted for another

Question 29

what is frameshift mutation?

Answer 29

addition or deletion of one base pair

Question 30

what is aneuploidy?

Answer 30

an abnormal number of chromosomes normally: have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total) - some ppl end up with one missing or one extra, due to non-disjunction

Question 31

where can non-disjunction be located?

Answer 31

meiosis 1 or meiosis 2

Question 32

what is monosomy?

Answer 32

turners syndrome, the only one that is survivable ( a single Y chromosome cant survive, not enough genetic info)

Question 33

how many X chromosomes in turners syndrome (monosomy)

Answer 33

one single X chromosome

Question 34

what are the characteristics of someone with turners syndrome?

Answer 34

``` webbed fingers and toes wide hips short normal intelligence cardiac malformation in aorta ```

Question 35

what is an example of Trisomy?

Answer 35

Klinefelter syndrome

Question 36

what X or Y chromosomes are in Klinefelter's?

Answer 36

XXY

Question 37

what are the characteristics of someone with Klinefelter's

Answer 37

``` taller than average female characteristics, male looking breats wider hips less facial hair less body hair small testes ```

Question 38

what trisomy 21?

Answer 38

Down syndrome

Question 39

Characteristics of a person with down syndrome?

Answer 39

large tongue distinctive eyes low ears

Question 40

what are single gene disorders caused by?

Answer 40

cause by a single gene that is defective or mutated

Question 41

what is autosomal recessive single gene disorder?

Answer 41

When both parents have a recessive gene for the disease- so the offspring will have 25% to be normal 50% carriers 25% will have the disease

Question 42

what is autosomal dominant single gene disorder?

Answer 42

only one dominant gene needs to be present for the disease to occur 50% will be normal 50% will have disease

Question 43

what is X-linked single gene disorder?

Answer 43

a disease that is on the X chromosome -males will inherit these types of diseases from thier mother, because they dont have a normal X to counteract Females will become carriers -inherit an abnormal X but also inherit a normal X from father