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1
Q

Why do we need research in midwifery?

A

o To ensure the delivery of safe, effective, high quality care
o To meet clinical governance requirement
o To facilitate the autonomy of nurses and midwifery

2
Q

What is evidence based practice (EBP)?

A

is the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.

3
Q

What are the essential components of evidence based practice?

A

o Patient preference
o Research evidence
o Resources
o Clinical experience

4
Q

What are the different types of evidence midwives can use?

A
  • Expert opinion
  • Traditions
  • Personal experience
  • Audit
  • Research
5
Q

What are the challenges that midwives can face in supporting women to make decisions?

A

o Understand what good evidence is
o Make a judgement about how rigorously it was produced
o Determine how applicable it is to the individual

6
Q

What are the five levels of evidence?

A
Level 1: Opinion
Level 2: Qualitative Studies 
Level 3: Cohort and case-control studies
Level 4: Randomised Controlled Trials
Level 5: Systematic Reviews
7
Q

What are the levels of hierarchy prioritised by?

A

Rigour and generalisation

8
Q

What is opinion used for?

A

Opinions produces variations in practice and in the end we do not find out what opinion is the most useful. There are many aspects where EBP still does not exist and therefore opinions are what people rely on.

9
Q

What are qualitative studies used for?

A

essential part of EBP as they often provide valuable insight into patient preference and other aspects of care that cannot be quantified or measured in any different way

10
Q

What are cohort and case-control studies used for?

A

studies that can measure the effectiveness of interventions. Cohort studies is a study of a group of defined people who are followed over a time period. The rationale for this type of research is that it is not always ethical to experiment on people. Cohorts can reflect an element of time which is useful epidemiological resource. Case-control studies are retrospective epidemiological studies where people gave contracted a particular disease and are compared with a group of people that didn’t retract the disease.

11
Q

What are randomised control trials used for?

A

evaluate interventions by comparing two or more treatments using a strict scientific process. The principle is to conduct a fair test and minimise the occurrence of bias, which might lead the researcher to make the wrong conclusions and to exclude the possibility of chance.

12
Q

What are systematic reviews used for?

A

Collecting all the studies that address the same research question and analysing them in one mass to see if they will give a clearer answer. Analyse existing research rather than collecting new data.

13
Q

What is the process of EBP?

A
Assess
Ask
Acquire
Appraise
Application
14
Q

Assess

A

identify the clinical problem.

15
Q

Ask

A

Frame the problem in the form of a structured clinical question. Structuring a questions is done by PICO.
 Population- the group of people that are interested in and want to find research studies.
 Intervention and Counter intervention- is used to mean any treatment or care option that we want to consider to solve the problem. We also need a counter intervention. This needs to be fair. There may be no counter intervention so in that case you use ‘standard care’.
 Outcome- this should be aligned to the solution we hope to find and as close the the originals choice.

16
Q

Acquire

A

search for research studies. PICO can be useful when looking for reaserch too

17
Q

Appraise

A

read the papers that meet the criteria, analyse the quality and validity and also the clinical significance of the finding.

18
Q

Apply

A

return to the patient and evaluate your performance.

19
Q

What are the different types of knowledge?

A

Traditional knowledge-Originally based on traditionally held beliefs which over time was passed on. Possessing the knowledge also created a sense of identity and empowerment.

Personal knowledge- a source of knowledge developed by individual midwives through their experience and expertise.

Intuition- instinctively knowing the best care.

Knowledge from other disciplines- psychology, human biology, medicine, pharmacology and physiology. It is imperative that it is applied to midwifery to ensure problems that arise can be individualised. Important that midwives generate their own body of knowledge rather than relying solely on knowledge from other disciplines

Research- well-conducted research studies provide the most reliable source of knowledge for midwifery practice. All the other types of knowledge should be underpinned by relevant research-based evidence.

20
Q

What are Research paradigms ?

A

a framework that consist of ideas, beliefs, opinions and values. These are sometimes referred to as ontological, epistemological and methodological beliefs. The paradigm therefore provides a philosophical underpinning and it also shapes the way a research study is conducted and the way the new knowledge is developed.

21
Q

What are the two research methodologies?

A

qualitative (aims to understand the meaning individuals give to their experience, thoughts and feelings- subjective) and quantitative (tests a theory- structured fixed designs).

22
Q

What are the most common research paradigms used in healthcare?

A

Positivism
Interpretivism
Pragmatism

23
Q

What the the other less common used paradigms?

A

Post-positivism: quantitive approach aim to find correlation and relationships.
Feminism: think positivism and post-positvism is male centred. Aim to work alongside participants

24
Q

What is positivism?

A

foundation is sciences and maths. Facts and events have underlying causes. An objective reality exists. Quantitative approach- testing a theory, prediction, measurement and objectivity. To become objective the researcher adopts a position of neutrality.

25
Q

What is interpretivism?

A

also known as Naturalism or constructivism.
counter movement to positivism. Truth consist of multiple realities that are subjectively perceived by individuals. They acknowledge that it is quiet likely that will be close similarities between the understanding and meaning of individuals who have encountered similar experiences. Use flexible qualitative methods.

26
Q

What is pragmatism?

A

aims to seek meaning and the context is also regarded as being important. Researchers believe that a person’s experience is determined by the situation. Uses aspect on both quantitative and qualitative. Outcome is more important than the process. Researcher selects a more appropriate approach. By combing both methods it strengthens the whole study.

27
Q

What is the philosophy behind research methodologies?

A

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IS THE PHILOSOPHY OR PRINCIPLES OF AN APPROACH TO RESEARCH WHICH DETERMINES THE WAY IN WHICH A RESEARCH METHOD IS CARRIED OUT. IT INCORPORATES A NUMBER OF RESEARCH METHODS WHICH IS SPECIFIC WAYS IN WHICH A STUDY IS CONDUCTED.