Introduction

Question 1

What is haematology

Answer 1

Study of blood, blood forming organs and blood diseases

Question 2

what is blood

Answer 2

specialised fluid (technically tissue) composed of cells suspended in liquid plasma

Question 3

What is the difference between plasma and serum

Answer 3

plasma contains clotting factors

serum does NOT contain clotting factors

Question 4

what are the main types of blood cells

Answer 4

RBC
WBC
platelets

Question 5

What is haematopoeisis

Answer 5

production of blood cells

Question 6

Where does haematopoeisis in the adult occur and by which cells

Answer 6

bone marrow (axial skeleton)
pluripotent stem cells

Question 7

where is the site of haematopoeisis in the embryo

Answer 7

yolk sac
then liver
(spleen additionally)

Question 8

where is the site of haematopoeisis at birth

Answer 8

bone marrow primarily

liver and spleen when needed

Question 9

what happens to bone marrow during growth

Answer 9

number of active sites of bone marrow decrease but still retain ability

Question 10

Function of stem cells

Answer 10

self renewal
proliferation
differentiation
majority sit in a quiescent state

Question 11

which cell is the first in the haematopoeitic tree

Answer 11

haematopoeitic stem cell HSC

Question 12

what is a CMP in the haematopoeitic tree

Answer 12

common myeloid precursor

gives rise to RBC, platelets, granulocytes, macrophages

Question 13

what is a CLP in the haematopoeitic tree

Answer 13

common lymphoid precursor

gives rise to T cell, B cell and NK cell

Question 14

what happens to the cells through granulopoeisis

Answer 14

cells get smaller

Question 15

what is erythropoeisis and where does it occur

Answer 15

RBC production

bone marrow

Question 16

what happens to the nuclei of the cells as they progress through erythropoeisis

Answer 16

nuclei get smaller and eventually vanish

Question 17

when a red cell just enters the bloodstream from the bone marrow, what is it called

Answer 17

reticulocyte

Question 18

what is a reticulocyte

Answer 18

immature RBC

hangs around in blood for 2-3 days before turning into a mature red cell

Question 19

reticulocytes contain RNA, true or false

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

erythrocytes/mature red cells contain RNA, true or false

Answer 20

FALSE

Question 21

What is the precursor cell for platelets

Answer 21

megakaryocytes

Question 22

what is unique about megakaryocytes

Answer 22

they are big cells that undergo nuclei divisions but not cytoplasm divisions

Question 23

how do megakaryocytes form platelets

Answer 23

parts of the cytoplasm bud off to form platelets

Question 24

immature megakaryocytes have fewer/more nuclei than mature ones

Answer 24

fewer

Question 25

what are granulocytes | give examples

Answer 25

contain granules that can be seen with staining under light microscopy neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 26

how do neutrophils stain

Answer 26

neutrally - mixed, bit of both

Question 27

describe the appearance of a neutrophil

Answer 27

``` segmented nucleus (multi-lobed) aka polymorph ```

Question 28

describe the function of a neutrophil

Answer 28

circulates in the blood ~8-10 hours enters tissue to flag up inflammation and fight acute infection phagocytosis create pus and cause liquefaction

Question 29

give causes of neutrophilia

Answer 29

infection trauma infarction corticosteroids

Question 30

why do corticosteroids cause neutrophilia

Answer 30

they impair their ability to bind to the endothelium and cross over, so instead of being found at the margin, neutrophils are found in the centre of the vessel

Question 31

how do eosinophils stain

Answer 31

bright orange / red

Question 32

describe the appearance of an eosinophil

Answer 32

bi-lobed nucleus with a bright red cytoplasm

Question 33

function of an eosinophil

Answer 33

fights parasitic infection | involved in hypersensitivity and atopy - asthma, eczema, hayfever

Question 34

how do basophils stain

Answer 34

dark purple

Question 35

appearance of a basophil

Answer 35

dark purple cytoplasm which obscures appearance of the nucleus

Question 36

function of a basophil

Answer 36

similar to mast cells | granules contain histamine

Question 37

Describe appearance of a monocyte

Answer 37

1 large nucleus that is NOT dense | blue cytoplasm

Question 38

function of monocyte

Answer 38

circulates in blood for 1 week enters tissue to become macrophage (or equivalent) phagocytosis and antigen presenting to lymphocytes attract other cells

Question 39

neutrophils are more long lived than macrophages, true or false

Answer 39

false

Question 40

where are these cells found: Kupffer Microglia Langerhans

Answer 40

Liver CNS Skin

Question 41

how can lymphocytes be classified according to appearance

Answer 41

mature | activated / atypical

Question 42

describe the appearance of a mature lymphocyte

Answer 42

small | condensed nucleus with a rim of cytoplasm

Question 43

describe the appearance of an activated/atypical lymphocyte

Answer 43

large more open nucleus plentiful blue cytoplasm

Question 44

what does the presence of an activated lymphocyte suggest?

Answer 44

viral infection eg EBV, HIV, viral hepatitis

Question 45

what can lymphocytes differentiate into

Answer 45

T cells B cells NK cells

Question 46

what are the types of T cells and their function

Answer 46

CD4+ T cell: helps B cells turn into plasma cells activate CD8+ cells and macrophages CD8+ T cell: destroy infected/tumour cells

Question 47

CD4+ is activated by MHC 1/2 | CD8+ is activated by MHC 1/2

Answer 47

CD4+ - MHC II | CD8+ - MHC I

Question 48

how can you identify primitive precursors in the haematopoeitic tree

Answer 48

immunophenotyping - identifying proteins on cell surface | bio-assays - growing cells in culture to identify lineage

Question 49

where can you take a bone marrow aspiration from

Answer 49

posterior iliac crests (preferred) | sternum

Question 50

what is a trephine biopsy

Answer 50

core biopsy of bone marrow which allows you to see bone marrow in situ