Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Total Body Water (TBW) in adults vs infants

A

60% in adult and 75% in infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TBW in females and obese people

A

50% of weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

intracellular fluid % (water inside cells)

A

40% : 2/3 TBW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Extra cellular fluid %

A

20% : 1/3 TBW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Extra cellular fluid components

A

5% intravascular plasma (IVF)

15& extravascular intestinal fluid (ISF) (water outside vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

blood volume

A

8% of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

osmolality of ECF (concentration)

A

is equal to osmolality of ICF (300 mosmol/l)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

main cation in ICF and EFC

A

ICF - K+

ECF - Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

main anion in ICF and ECF

A

ICF - proteins, phosphate (50 mmol/L)

ECF - Cl- , HCo3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fick’s principle

A

water volume = amount of indicator injected / concentration of indicator of plasma

in other words, AMOUNT = VOLUME X CONCENTRATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

application of indicator type for determination of total body water

A

heavy water, anti pyrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

application of indicator type for determination of ECF volume

A

inulin

radioactive Na, Cl, Br

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

application of indicator type for determination of plasma volume - IVF

A

evans blue

radioactive albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

homeostasis

A

keeping conditions in internal environment (ISF surrounding cells) constant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 exchanges of homeostasis

A
  1. through cell membrane: between cells and ISF

2. through capillary membrane: between ISF & blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

total blood volume

A

8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

indicator in ricks principle must be

A

inert, non toxic, and not utilized by tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

determination of ICF volume

A

TBW-ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

determination of ISF volume

A

ECF-plasma volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

homeostasis- exchange through cell membrane

A

living cells take oxygen and food from interstitial fluid and cells give up CO2 and waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

homeostasis- exchange through capillary wall

A

oxygen and food move from blood to interstitial fluid and waste products go to blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens to waste products

A

taken by blood and excreted by kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

homeostasis is maintained by the control systems:

A
  1. stimulus
  2. receptor
  3. control center
  4. effector organ
  5. feed back mechanism

they detects and respond to changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

negative feedback vs positive feedback in homeostasis

A

negative - almost all homeostasis mechanisms; change variable back to original state

positive- stimulus increases response in things that need to be finished quickly such as blood clotting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
cell membrane percentages
``` protein - 55% cholesterol - 13% phospholipid - 25% other lipids - 4% carbohydrates - 3% ```
26
lipid bilayer vs cholesterol
lipid bilayer is flexible & selective permeability | cholesterol is tough and affects permeability
27
functions of carbohydrates on cell membrane
receptors, cell identity, intercellular connections
28
diffusion transport
passive = no energy
29
types of diffusion transport
Simple, Facilitated, Osmosis
30
diffusion is
from high to low concentration
31
simple diffusion requires
no carrier, no energy, no enzymes
32
how to calculate diffusion rate
concentration gradient x surface area x temperature / square root of molecular weight x distance of diffusion
33
molecules in simple diffusion pass through:
1. lipid bilayer | 2. protein channels
34
what passes through lipid bilayer in simple diffusion
1. lipid soluble substances 2. water molecules 3. lipid insoluble molecules
35
what passes through lipid bilayer in simple diffusion - lipid soluble substances
oxygen, nitrogen. | rate of diffusion = lipid solubility
36
what passes through lipid bilayer in simple diffusion - water molecules
through lipid bilayer and protein channels | very small & high kinetic energy so go through membrane like a bullet
37
what passes through lipid bilayer in simple diffusion - lipid insoluble molecules
same as water molecules IF they are small and uncharged such as urea
38
protein channels in simple diffusion has the ability to
have ability to change its shape to allow passage of ions and water
39
ions that are electrically charged can't pass through and can pass through
can't pass through lipid bilayer and can pass through protein channels
40
to pass through protein channels, ions are
bonded with water and form hydrated ions of bigger size.
41
hydrated ___ ions are bigger than hydrated ____ ions
Na+ bigger than K+
42
Protein channels have
selective permeability; each channel has its diameter, shape and electrical charges
43
gating of protein channels
non gated: open all the time | gated
44
gates can be
on inner or outer surface on membrane
45
how do you open a gated channel
by conformational (change in shape) of proteins
46
gates are controlled by:
voltage gating and ligand gating
47
gates are controlled by- voltage gating
respond to changes in electrical of membrane electrical potential ex: Na+ channels
48
gates are controlled by- ligand binding
binding of ligand to receptor opens protein channel.
49
ligans are
acetyl choline and hormone (external) or G protein, cAMP, or Ca+ (internal)
50
channel junctions/gap junctions is
simple diffusion
51
gap junctions allow
rapid passage of ions and other light substances without entering intercellular space which permits rapid propagation of electrical activity from one cell membrane to another
52
what are formed at junction arrangement of proteins
a connexion unit surrounding the channel
53
diameter of the channel junctions/gap is regulated by
intracellular Ca++ , pH, hormones and drugs
54
facilitated transport
needs carrier
55
facilitated transport occurs
with concentration gradient
56
facilitated transport is for
large molecules such as glucose and amino acids
57
facilitated mechanism
carrier has large channel and specific receptor, closed from one side. large molecules enter the channel and bind to the receptor and change the shape of protein which opens the closed side and releases the molecule
58
characters of facilitated diffusion
1. specific to certain substances 2. sensitive to temperature 3. competition between similar substances for same carrier 4. has a maximum rate of diffusion
59
osmosis
diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through a membrane permeable to H20 only
60
osmotic pressure
pressure to stop osmosis or prevent solvent migration
61
what does osmotic pressure depend on
number of molecules/unit volume of fluid
62
how is osmotic pressure measured
mmHg
63
osmole
number of particles in 1 gram of mole
64
osmolarity
number of osmoles per liter
65
osmolality
number of osmoles per kilogram
66
in the body
osmolarity=osmolality
67
tonicity
osmolarity of solution in relation to plasma
68
isotonic tonicity, hypotonic, hypertonic
iso- same as plasma hypo- lower than plasma hyper- higher
69
active transport
is against the concentration gradient so needs carrier and ATP
70
uniport and ex
transport of one substance in one direction (Ca++ pump_
71
symport and ex
transport of 2 substances in one direction (Na & glucose in intestinal lumen)
72
antiport and ex
transport of 2 substances in 2 opposite directions (Na/K pump)
73
cotransport
symport and antiport
74
primary active transport is present in
cell membrane - Na/K pump
75
alpha subunit for | beta subunit for
alpha- Na, K, ATP (binding) | beta- ATPase activity (breakdown of ATP)
76
Active transport ex
energy is released by breakdown of ATP to do the Na, K transport which brings 3 Na outside the cell and 2 K inside.
77
Na is high in ___ and K is
Na is high in ECF and K is high in ICF
78
Primary active transport helps in
1. maintaining high Na in ECF and high K in ICF 2. electronic pump (resting membrane potential) 3. control cell volume and prevent cell rupture
79
secondary active transport
glucose transport is secondary to active Na transport.
80
secondary active transport mechanism
Na is transported by active pump outside the cell and Na and glucose bind to the same carrier and transported inside the cell with the concentration gradient. Glucose is then transported outside the cell by a carrier
81
Donnans effect
proteins are large diffusible anions (carry - charge) inside the cell and they inhibit the efflux of K and favor the efflux of Cl-
82
donnan states that
more ions are present within the cell
83
donnans effect: equilibrium
more osmotic particles in the cell switch up the Na/K pump which prevent rupture of cells

Physiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions