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04. Year 1: Respiratory System > Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply > Flashcards

Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange

Acid base balance

Protection from infection

Communication via speech

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2
Q

What is the gas exchange that takes place?

A

Oxygen added to the blood from the air

Carbon dioxide removed from the blood into the air

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3
Q

How does speech occur?

A

Larynx vibrating and manipulating air

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4
Q

Does speech occur on inspiration or expiration?

A

Expiration

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5
Q

In basic terms, why do we breathe?

A

We need oxygen for energy, which fuels cells and allows them to perform their functions

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6
Q

What would being unable to breathe oxygen do to us?

A

Our cells would die, and then we would die

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7
Q

How can enery be produced without oxygen, and why is this not feasible long term?

A

Anaerobic respiration, but this does not produce enough energy

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8
Q

What is produced when oxygen is burned?

A

CO2 as waste

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9
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Oxygen going in and out of the body

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10
Q

What is internal/cellular respiration?

A

Biochemical process within cells

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11
Q

What vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs and is this oxygenated?

A

Pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What vessel carries blood from the lungs to the heart and is this oxygenated?

A

Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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14
Q

What two systems does external respiration require integration of?

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular

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15
Q

What are the exchanges of oxygen present once we intake air?

A

1) Between atmosphere and lung (alveoli)
2) Between lungs and blood
3) Between the blood and cells (transported to cells in the blood)

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16
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Regions of the lung that are thin enough to allow gas exchange

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17
Q

What are arteries?

A

Vessels that carries blood away from the heart

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18
Q

What are veins?

A

Vessels that carries blood towards the heart

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19
Q

What are the two kinds of circulation relevent to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation

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20
Q

How does pulmonary circulation and systemic cirulation contrast each other?

A

Pulmonary delivers CO2 and picks up oxygen

Systemic delivers O2 and picks up CO2

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21
Q

Which of the pulmonary vein and artery carries oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary vein

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22
Q

What displays the intimate relationship between the respiratory and cardiovasular systems during an increase in energy demand?

A

Rate and depth of breathing increase (more oxygen acquired and carbon dioxide diposed of)

Heart rate and force of contraction increases (delivered to muscle and waste removed quicker)

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23
Q

Why can gas exchange only take place in capillaries?

A

The walls are thin enough to allow it

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24
Q

Where are the 2 places that gas exchange occurs in the respiratory system?

A

Lungs (alveoli)

Systemic capillaries

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25
Q

What is oxygen and CO2 exchange like in steady state?

A

Net volume of oxygen and CO2 exchange in the lung per unit of time is equal to the net exchange at the tissue

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26
Q

What are the average volumes of O2 and CO2 exchanged per minute?

A

250ml of oxygen

200ml of CO2

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27
Q

What are the typical breathing rate of someone at rest and at maximum exercise?

A

10-20 breaths/min at rest

40-45 breaths/min at maximum exercise

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28
Q

What is A?

A

Pharynx

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29
Q

What is B?

A

Trachea

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30
Q

What is C?

A

Lung

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31
Q

What is D?

A

Bronchus

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32
Q

What is E?

A

Larynx

33
Q

What is F?

A

Epiglottis

34
Q

What is G?

A

Nose

35
Q

What systems is the pharynx shared between?

A

Digestive and respiratory

36
Q

What is the trachea made up of?

A

Stiff rings of cartilage that protect it

37
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering it when you swallow

38
Q

What is the larynx also known as?

A

Voice box

39
Q

Why is the nose prefered for breathing over the mouth?

A

Large surface area allows it to be better at warming and moistening the air

40
Q

What is everything in this diagram known as?

A

Conducting airways

41
Q

What are conducting airways?

A

Ones that have thick walls and so no gas exchange takes place, they carry air to where gas exchange can take place

42
Q

How does the structure of the bronchus change as it goes deeper into the lungs?

A

It continues branching until it becomes sacs (alveoli) where gas exchange can take place

43
Q

What are the 2 things the respiratory system can be divided into?

A

Upper and lower respiratory system

44
Q

Where does the upper respiratory system end?

A

Larynx and epiglottis (they are included)

45
Q

Where does the lower respiratory system begin?

A

Trachea (included)

46
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Large sheet of muscles that seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

47
Q

What can the lung be seperated into?

A

Lobes

48
Q

How many lobes does the left and right lung have?

A

Left lung has 2 lobes

Right lung has 3 lobes

49
Q

What is each lobe seperated by?

A

Fissure

50
Q

What are the 3 lobes in the right lung called?

A

Superior lobe

Middle lobe

Inferior lobe

51
Q

What are the 2 lobes in the left lung called?

A

Superior lobe

Inferior lobe

52
Q

What are the fissures present in the right lung called?

A

Horizontal fissure (seperates superior and middle lobes)

Oblique fissure (seperates middle and inferior lobes)

53
Q

What are the lungs surrounded by which appears black in images?

A

Pleural cavity

54
Q

What does the bronchi seperate into, and what does this seperate into, and what does this further seperate into?

A

Primary bronchi, which seperates in secondary bronchi that goes into each lobe, which seperates in tertiary bronchi that seperates into bronchi-pulmonary sections

55
Q

What is different between the right primary bronchi and the left?

A

Width and angle

56
Q

In which primary bronchi do most foreign bodies become lodged and why?

A

Right because of the more verticle angle and wider shape

57
Q

What do bronchus become when cartilage stops?

A

Bronchiole

58
Q

What is each stage in the branching of airways between the larynx and the alveoli?

A

Larynx - trachea - primary bronchus - secondary bronchus - tertiary bronchus - bronchiole - alveoli

59
Q

How many levels of branching is there between the trachea and alveoli?

A

About 23

60
Q

What is patency?

A

Airway is patent when it is open

61
Q

What maintains patency in the trachea?

A

Cartilage

62
Q

What maintains patency in the bronchioles?

A

Physical forces in the thorax

63
Q

In which part of the airway does most resistance occur and why?

A

Upper airway, although they are wider than the lower because more air is competing for the space

64
Q

How can airway diameter be altered?

A

Contracting bronchial smooth muscle

65
Q

What does altering airway diameter in turn alter?

A

Airway resistance

66
Q

What does contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle do?

A

Decreases airway diameter and so increases resistance

67
Q

What does relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle do?

A

Increases airway diameter and so decreases resistance

68
Q

What is asthma?

A

Inappriopriate contraction of bronchial smooth muscle

69
Q

What is each cluster of alveoli surrounded by?

A

Elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

70
Q

What are the 2 types of cells that compose alveoli?

A 
Type 1 (exchange gas with blood)
Type 2 (synthesis surfactant)
71
Q

What do elastic fibres do to alveoli?

A

Sits in interstitial space and seperates them

72
Q

What ingests forign material that reaches the alveoli?

A

Alveoli macrophages

73
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Substance that lowers the tension between two other substances

74
Q

What is the air in upper airways termed as and why?

A

Anatomically dead because it cannot participate in gas exchange

75
Q

What does each lung have a capacity of?

A

3L

76
Q

What are some functions of mucous?

A

Moistens air

Traps particles

Provides large surfaces area for cilia to act on

77
Q

What produces mucous?

A

Goblet cells

78
Q

What does cilia line and what does it do?

A

Trachea where it beats mucous away from the lower respiratory tract

79
Q

What do goblet cells and cilia terminate before, and which terminates first?

A

The level of the bronchia, with goblet cells terminating first

04. Year 1: Respiratory System (37 decks)

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