Introduction and Fundamentals of Histopathology Flashcards
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1
Q
- It is the study of tissues and their structure.
A
Histology
2
Q
Group of cells that form during em bryonic development.
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Germ layers
3
Q
GERM LAYERS
- Forms the exoskeleton
A
ECTODERM
3
Q
4 types of Tissues:
A
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
4
Q
GERM LAYERS
- Develops into organ
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MESODERM
5
Q
GERM LAYERS
- Forms the inner line of organs
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ENDODERM
6
Q
TYPE OF TISSUE
- provides covering; present in the skin, respiratory tract
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
7
Q
TYPE OF TISSUE
- supports other tissue and bind them together
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
8
Q
TYPE OF TISSUE
- includes smooth muscles
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MUSCULAR TISSUE
9
Q
TYPE OF TISSUE:
- Nerve cells, carry message to and from various parts of the body
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NERVOUS TISSUE
10
Q
What is the major component of EPITHELIAL TISSUE?
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EPITHELIAL CELLS
11
Q
2 types of Epithelial Tissue
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- SIMPLE
- COMPOUND
12
Q
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Major component :
A
COLLAGEN
12
Q
TYPE OF TISSUE
- Tissue that supports, protects and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
13
Q
TYPE OF TISSUE:
- A specialized tissue, which applies forces to different parts of the body by contraction.
A
MUSCULAR TISSUE
14
Q
MUSCULAR TISSUE
Major component:
A
ACTIN & MYOSIN
15
Q
Major Muscular tissue:
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- Skeletal muscle - surround bones
- Visceral Muscle - surround abdominal organs
- Cardiac muscle - surrounds the heart
16
Q
Minor Muscular tissue:
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- Myoephilocyte
- Myofibroblasts
17
Q
TYPE OF TISSUE:
- Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves; responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.
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NERVOUS TISSUE
18
Q
NERVOUS TISSUE
- major component
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NERVE CELLS & GLIAL CELLS
19
Q
- He is the father of modern pathology
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Rudolf Virchow
20
Q
- Technique by which fixed tissues are made suitable for embedding within a supportive medium such as paraffin, and consists of
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TISSUE PROCESSING
21
Q
- Most common procedure used in the study of tissues
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TISSUE SLICES/PREPARATION
22
Q
- thin, flat slices of fixed and stained tissues or organs mounted on glass slides.
A
HISTOLOGIC SECTIONS
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DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
- Macroscopic examination of tissues and organs
GROSS PATHOLOGY
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DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
- changes in the tissue that can be seen through a microscope.
MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY
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DIVISION OF PATHOLOGY
- compositions of body fluids, tissues, secretions, to detect abnormalities that might indicate disease.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
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DIVISION OF PATHOLOGY
- Removal of an organ/tissue in the body for examination ; combination of macroscopic and microscopic exam
Anatomical Pathology
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Anatomical Pathology
* Hematology
* Microbiology
* Clinical Chemistry
* Immunology/Serology
* Clinical Microscopy
* Parasitology
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4 Aspects of Disease Process:
- Cause or origin of the disease; might be genetic factors or acquired factors
ETIOLOGY
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TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
- false stratified
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIAL CELL
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TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
- square shape (immediate exchange of gasses/nutrients) ex. Alveoli, endothelium
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
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TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
- more on 3d (ex. Thyroid follicles)
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
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TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
ex. Stomach & intestine
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- For keratin formation ( can be Keratinized: skin ; non-keratinized: found in the vagina)
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- Cud be found in sebaceous glands
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- found in barrett's (conjunctiva, pharynx, anus, and male urethra)
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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TYPES OF COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSSUE
- lines in urinary tract
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Major component :
COLLAGEN
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Motor neurons :
- delivers signals from CNS towards the muscles & glands
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Sensory neurons:
Delivers signals from the other parts of the body towards CNS
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TISSUE PROCESSSING
-3 sequential steps:
DEHYDRATION
CLEARING
INFILTRATION
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4 ASPECTS OF A DISEASE PROCESS
- Structural, biochemical and molecular alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body .
MORPHOLOGIC & MOLECULAR CHANGES
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4 ASPECTS OF A DISEASE PROCESS
- Functional consequences of the changes
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
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- Changes made by a cell in response to stress or stimuli
- May be physiologic or pathologic
CELLULAR ADAPTATION
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FORMS OF ADAPTATION
- Increased Cell size > Increase Organ size
- Due to increased protein synthesis
- Most common stimulus: Increased Workload
HYPERTROPHY
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FORMS OF ADAPTATION
- Increased Cell Number > Increased Organ Mass
- Due to proliferative actions of growth factor, and/or stem cells
HYPERPLASIA
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FORMS OF ADAPTATION
- Decreased Cell Size & Number > Reduce tissue/organ size
- Due to decreased protein synthesis, and increased protein
ATROPHY
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- occurs when cells in the body stop working and die.
CELL DEATH
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TYPES OF ADAPTATION
- Change in one cell type to another
- Due to reprogramming of existing stem cells in normal tissue
METAPLASIA
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- Alteration in cell structure or function due to stress or pathologic stimuli
CELLULAR INJURY
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- Induced by a tightly regulated suicide program in which cells destined to die activate enzymes that degrade the cell’s own proteins and nuclear DNA.
APOPTOSIS
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Cardinal Signs:
1. Rubor – redness
2. Calor – heat
3. Tumor – swelling
4. Dolor – pain
5. Functio laesa – loss of function
48
- A protective universal response to tissue damage (mechanical trauma, tissue necrosis, infection).
INFLAMMATION
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Developmental Defects:
- Incomplete development of the organ
Aplasia
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Developmental Defects:
- failure of an organ to develop fully
HYPOPLASIA
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ABNORMALITIES IN CELL GROWTH
- Declining from a better to a worse state ; organs are smaller than the normal
RETROGRESSIVE CHANGES
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Developmental Defects:
- Complete non-appearance of an organ
Agenesia
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Developmental Defects:
- Failure of an organ to form an opening
Atresia
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Developmental Defects:
- Acquired decrease of the size of a normally development organ.
Atrophy
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SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES:
Primary changes
Secondary changes
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ABNORMALITIES IN CELL GROWTH:
- organs become larger than normal.
PROGRESSIVE CHANGES
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SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(PRIMARY CHANGES)
- start of death when cardiac function ceases; flat electrocardiogram (ECG), and/or absence of heartbeat is indicative
Circulatory failure
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SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(PRIMARY CHANGES):
- decrease O2 and increase CO2; loss of all processes necessary for life;
Respiratory failure
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SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(PRIMARY CHANGES)
- loss of coordination and reflexes;
CNS failure
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SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- Cooling of the body; decrease in temperature
- Normal rate of cooling: 7°F/hr
ALGOR MORTIS
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SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- Stiffening of muscles due to lack of ATP.
RIGOR MORTIS
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SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES (SECONDARY):
- Occurs immediately after death; apparent only in autopsy
POST-MORTEM CLOTTING
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SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- Purplish discoloration of skin due to blood stasis
LIVOR MORTIS?SUGILLATION
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SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- General drying and wrinkling of fluid-filled organs;
DESICCATION
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SOMATIC DEATH CHANGES
(SECONDARY)
- Decomposition of body carried out by microbial action
PUTREFACTION
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“Self-destruction”; the self-digestion of the cells by their own enzymes;
