Introduction and History of Microbiology - Chapter 1` Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What does microbiology encompass?
A
Virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology, and parasitology
1
Q
What is microbiology?
A
Study of microorganisms, those being unicellular, multicellular, or acellular
2
Q
Unicellular
A
Single-cell
3
Q
Multicellular
A
Cell colony
4
Q
Acellular
A
Lacking cells
5
Q
What are examples of acellular things?
A
Prions and viruses
6
Q
Virology
A
Study of viruses
7
Q
Bacteriology
A
Study of bacteria
8
Q
Protistology
A
Study of protists
9
Q
Protists
A
Unicellular, eukaryotic microbes
10
Q
Mycology
A
Study of fungi
11
Q
Immunology
A
How our body handles microbes
12
Q
Parasitology
A
Covers eukaryotic pathogens
13
Q
What is included in parasitology?
A
Protists and helminths
14
Q
What are the domains of life?
A
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
15
Q
Bacteria Microbes
A
All are microbes
16
Q
Archaea Microbes
A
All are microbes
17
Q
Eukarya Microbes
A
Some are microbes
18
Q
Are all microbes in the tree of life?
A
No, some are viruses or prions
19
Q
Viruses
A
Acellular, noncellular organisms, no domain
20
Q
Prions
A
Infectious proteins
21
Q
Prokaryote Domains
A
Bacteria and archaea
22
Q
Eukaryotes Domains
A
Eukarya
23
Q
Prokaryote Classification
A
Unicellar, lack a nucleus, and must have a cell wall
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Eukaryote Classification
Unicellular or multicellular, contain a nucleus, and have membrane-bound organelles
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What are the types of eukaryotes?
Fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths
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Fungi
Unicellular or multicellular, can be yeast, NOT mushrooms
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Helminths
Worms, they are often spread in larval form (microscopic)
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Do all microbes cause infectious diseases?
No, not all microbes cause infectious diseases
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Size of microbes
They are very small ranging from 0.1nm to 1mm
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What microscope will we use to observe microbes?
We will be using a light microscope, but an electron microscope can also be used
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Spontaneous Generation
The idea that life arises from non-living matter
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What are the observations that led to spontaneous generation?
-Where there is dust fleas arise
-Where there is rotting meat there are maggots
-Where there is flooding frogs appear
-In grain storage areas mice appear
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What observation was Francesco Redi's experiment based on?
The idea of where there are meats there are maggots
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Francesco Redi's Experiment
There were 3 experimental conditions:
-Meat in an open container
-Meat in a cork-sealed container
-Meal in a gauze-sealed container
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What happened to the meat in the open container?
Flies appeared and maggots formed
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What happened to the meat in the cork-sealed container?
No flies or formation of maggots as they couldn't smell the meat
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What happened to the meat in the gauze-sealed container?
Flies appeared and there was no formation of maggots on the meat, but rather the formation of maggots on the gauze
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What was the conclusion of Francesco Redi's Experiment?
Maggots come from flies and are not spontaneously generated.
Refutes spontaneous generation.
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Needham's Experiment
Was a boiling broth experiment where a container with chicken broth was heated to kill microbes then sealed and later looked at. There was a growth in the broth.
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Needham's Experiment Conclusion
Supported spontaneous generation
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Spallanzani's Experiment
He had 2 flasks, 1 was left sealed and 1 was left open
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What happened to the sealed flask in Spallanzani's Experiment?
There was no growth until it was later opened
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What happened to the open flask in Spallanzani's Experiment?
There was growth
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Spallanzani's Experiment Conclusion
Whatever is growing comes from the air, refutes spontaneous generation
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What was the difference between Needham's and Spallanzani's Experiments?
In Needham's Experiment, the broth was clear and may still have contained microbes
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Louis Pasteur's Experiment
Used 2 swan neck flasks and boiled both of them, he left 1 the same and took the neck off of the other
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What happened to the normal swan neck flask?
There was no growth
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What happened to the swan neck flask whose neck was removed?
There was growth
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Louis Pasteur's Experiment Conclusion
Particles in the air cause contamination, disproved spontaneous generation
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Swan Neck Flask
Contains bins where air can move freely and particles in the air get stuck in the neck so that they are not in the solution.
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Anthony van Leewenhoek
First-person credited with visualizing microbes
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What did Anthony van Leeuwenhoek look at in the microscope?
Either rain or pond water
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What did Anthony van Leeuwenhoek see in the water?
He saw single-celled eukaryotes and drew them which he called "wee animalcules" at the time
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Cell Theory
Living things are made of cells
Cells divided to make new cells
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Robert Hooke
The first person to observe cells when looking and cork.
He coined the term "cell".
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Matthias Schleiden
Observed cells in plant tissue
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Theodor Schwann
Observed cells in animal tissues
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Rudolf Virchow and Robert Remark
Discovered that cells divide to make new cells
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Walter Fleming
Showed mitosis occurred
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What was the previous notion of the cause of disease?
The God/Gods were punishing people when they did bad things
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Hippocrates
Believed disease had a natural cause
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Hippocratic Oath
Oath to do no harm
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Thucydides
Advocated for evidence-based analysis of cause and effect.
Immunity -> Noticed that plague survivors don't get sick by the plague again
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Marcus Terentius Varro
First to propose we can't see what causes disease
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Cytoreductive
Killing Cells
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What bacteria produces a green pigment and is found in the lungs?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa often associated with?
Cystic fibrosis and extreme mucus production
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Who are the people that have proved that microbes cause disease?
Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch, and John Snow
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What did Ignaz Semmelweis notice?
When treating patients, patients would get another disease that another patient had at the hospital
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What did Ignaz Semmelweis institute?
Workers had to wash their hands between seeing patients
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What did Ignaz Semmelweis notice after he implemented his change?
He noticed a lack of spread of disease proving that healthcare workers were the ones transferring disease.
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What did Joseph Lister notice?
Post-surgical infections
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What did Joseph Lister implement?
Hand washing and cleaning the surgical in a 5% phenol solution
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What was the result of Joseph Lister's implementation?
Decrease in post-surgical infections
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What did Robert Koch determine?
Determined the rules for how we determine which microbe causes which disease
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Who is the father of epidemiology?
John Snow
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What did John Snow notice?
Noticed that there was a cholera outbreak and that certain groups of people that kept getting it.
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What did John Snow discover?
Discovered that there were 2 water pumps that everyone drank from and that the people at the brewery did not get sick as they weren't drinking water.
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Cholera
Found in contaminated water and causes diarrhea
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Endosymbiotic Theory
How we have eukaryotic cells. Uptake of bacteria led to the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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Where do eukaryotic cells come from?
Prokaryotic cells that came together to form a eukaryotic cell
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Proto-eukaryote
A prokaryote that will turn into a eukaryote
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What is the first step of the endosymbiotic theory?
Invagination of membranes and the start of the formation of membrane-bound organelles (ER, nuclear membrane, etc.)
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What is the second step of the endosymbiotic theory?
Cells take up aerobic bacteria
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What does an aerobic bacteria do?
Oxygenic cellular respiration
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What does aerobic bacteria develop into?
Mitochondria
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What is the third step of the endosymbiotic theory?
Some cells, not all, will take up a photosynthetic bacterium
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What does a photosynthetic bacterium do?
Photosynthesis
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What do photosynthetic bacterium develop into?
Chloroplasts
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What did the uptake of bacteria lead to?
It led to the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts
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What is some evidence of the endosymbiotic theory?
Mitochondria have their own DNA and mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes which are the same size as prokaryotes
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Do all cells that have chloroplasts have mitochondria?
Yes
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Do all cells that have mitochondria have chloroplasts?
No, as mitochondria develop first
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Where can you find a prokaryotic ribosome in a eukaryotic cell?
Mitochondria or chloroplasts
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Taxonomy
Classification of organisms, phylogenetic tree, tree of life
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Where are microbes found in the phylogenetic tree?
They are in every category
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Nomenclature Rules
Have to be in italics, the first word is capitalized and the second word is lowercased, Genus species
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Genus spp
Multiple species in a genus with similar properties
98
Genus sp
An unknown or unnecessary species
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What are some types of microbes?
Bacteria, archeae, fungi, protists, and viruses
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Who first visualized microbes and called them "wee animalcules"?
Antony von Leuwenhoek
101
How was spontaneous generation definitively disproved?
Louis Pasteur used swan neck flasks to disprove this
