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Medical Microbiology > Microbial Metabolism - Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism - Chapter 4 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Catabolism

A

Large moelcules being broken into smaller molecules

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2
Q

Is catabolism energetically favorable or unfavorable?

A

Energetically favorable as it releases energy

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3
Q

Anabolism

A

Small molecules are assembled into larger molecules

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4
Q

Is anabolism energetically favorable or unfavorable?

A

Energetically unfavorable as it uses energy

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5
Q

What is metabolism a combination of?

A

Catabolism and anabolism

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6
Q

What do chemotrophs use as their energy source?

A

Chemicals

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7
Q

What do phototrophs use as their energy source?

A

Light

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8
Q

What do autotrophs use as their carbon source?

A

Inorganic compounds, most likely CO2

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9
Q

What do heterotrophs use as their carbon source?

A

Organic compounds

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10
Q

What can chemotrophs be further divided into?

A

Autotrophs or heterotrophs

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11
Q

What can phototrophs be further divided into?

A

Autotrophs or heterotrophs

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12
Q

What kind of energy do bacteria use?

A

Any type, they can be chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, or photoheterotrophs

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13
Q

Donor

A

Lose an electron, give an electron away

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14
Q

Acceptor

A

Gain an electron

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15
Q

Are donors oxidized or reduced?

A

Oxidized

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16
Q

Are acceptors oxidized or reduced?

A

Reduced

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17
Q

Donor Agent

A

Reducing agent

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18
Q

Reducing Agent

A

Reduces the other molecule

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19
Q

Acceptor Agent

A

Oxidizing agent

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20
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A

Oxidizes the other molecule

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21
Q

What happens to hydrogen in the oxidized form?

A

Hydrogen is taken away

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22
Q

How does the cell make the most of its ATP?

A

Through storing the energy in moelcules and putting them through the electron transport chain

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23
Q

In what form is energy stored?

A

In the reduced form

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24
Q

What are energy storage types in the reduced form?

A

NADH, NADPH, or FADH2

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25
Coupling Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions
ATP circles between ADP and ATP during metabolism
26
Phosphorylation
ADP -> ATP
27
Dephosphorylation
ATP -> ADP
28
Phosphorylation Energy Type
Solar or chemical energy
29
Dephosphorylation Energy Type
Energy available for cellular work including anabolism
30
What pathway can photosynthesis lead to?
The electron transport chain or glycolysis
31
Light Reaction
Photosynthesis -> electron transport chain
32
Dark Reaction
Photosynthesis -> glycolysis
33
What pathway can glycolysis lead to?
Transition reaction or fermentation
34
What pathway can fermentation lead to?
Electron transport chain
35
What pathway can the transition reaction lead to?
Kreb's cycle which then leads to the electron transport chain
36
Glycolysis
Catabolism of carbohydrates
37
What is the first step of glycolysis?
Break down glucose into 2, 3 carbon molecules and add a phosphate from ATP. Phosphorylate molecules
38
How much ATP does the first step of glycolysis use?
2 ATP
39
What is the second step of glycolysis?
Convert the molecule into pyruvate by taking the phosphate away, making NADH
40
How much ATP does the second step of glycolysis produce?
4 ATP
41
What is the amount of ATP produced during glycolysis?
2 ATP (4 gained, 2 used)
42
Glycolysis Steps
Energy investment phase and energy payoff phase
43
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Remove phosphate from the molecule (pyruvate + phosphate) and add to ADP to make ATP
44
What needs to happen for pyruvate to get into the appropriate form for the Krebs cycle?
A carbon from pyruvate needs to be removed to make an acetyl and the acetyl has to be added to coenzyme A to make Acetyl CoA
45
What molecule goes into the Krebs cycle instead of pyruvate?
Acetyl CoA
46
Transition Reaction
Pyruvate -> Acetyl -> Acetyl CoA
47
Krebs Cycle Reactions
It is both anabolic and catabolic to create energy
48
Krebs Cycle
Acetyl CoA -> breaks it down -> builds it back up
49
What kind of loop is the Krebs cycle?
Closed loop
50
Closed Loop
Last step regenerates the starting product
51
What are the products made per Acetyl CoA?
1 ATP/GTP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
52
How much Acetyl CoA comes from glycolysis into the Krebs Cycle?
2 Acetyl CoA
53
Krebs Cycle Products
2 ATP/GTP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
54
What other products can be made from the other cycles the Krebs cycle can feed into?
Amino acids, nucleotides, lipids (fatty acids and sterols), and additional moelcules (porphyrins, heme, and chlorophyll)
55
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in a prokaryote?
Plasma membrane
56
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in a eukaryote?
Inner mitochondria membrane
57
Prokaryote Oxidative Phosphorylation
Hydrogen ions flow from the cytoplasm to the periplasmic space
58
Eukaryote Oxidative Phosphorylation
Hydrogen ions flow from the matrix to the intermembrane space
59
Electron Transport Chain
Remove hydrogen ions from energy carries, put them through channels to flow into the periplasmic space, then pump across the membrane, and pump it back through ATP synthase through the creation of a high concentration of hydrogen ions
60
Where is there a high concentration of hydrogen in the electron transport chain?
Outside, periplasmic space
61
What does the final electron acceptor use and make in aerobic respiration?
It uses oxygen and makes water
62
What does ATP Synthase create?
ATP when it comes back in
63
Chemiosmosis
Process of moving the hydrogen atoms as if they're water
64
What organisms do respiration without oxygen?
Bacteria or archaea
65
What is the electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
An inorganic compound, likely a sulfur compound
66
What does anaerobic respiration make?
If a sulfur compound it makes H2S
67
How much ATP per NADH in the electron transport system?
3 ATP
68
How much ATP per FADH2 in the electron transport system?
2 ATP
69
What is the theoretical max of ATP for aerobic respiration?
38 ATP, most efficient
70
Theoretical max ATP from glycolysis
8 ATP
71
Theoretical max ATP from the transition reaction
6 ATP
72
Theoretical max ATP from the Krebs cycle
24 ATP
73
What does fermentation start with?
The glycolysis reaction and it puts it into other fermentation reactions
74
Fermentation Products
Acids and alcohols
75
Fermentation Reaction Types
Lactic acid and alcohol
76
What can be used to determine if fermentation occurs in lab?
We can use different types of sugar in media that have a pH indicator to determine if they have gone through fermentation
77
What color does the phenol turn if fermentation occurs?
Red to yellow
78
How do we know if CO2 has been produced in lab?
Gas bubbles will be produced in the Durham tube
79
What can fermentation make?
Commercial solvents, food, pharmaceuticals, etc.
80
What other organisms can do fermentation?
Yeasts
81
Is anaerobic respiration efficient?
It can be depending on the inorganic compound used
82
Anaerobic Respiration Theoretical Yield ATP
5-36 ATP
83
Fermentation Theoretical Yield ATP
2 ATP
84
Does fermentation make its own ATP?
No, it comes from the electron transport system
85
What metabolism is best for bacteria?
Each one has different benefits depending on the environment the microbe is in

Medical Microbiology (4 decks)

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