Introduction and Routes

Question 1

What is a drug?

Answer 1

substance used in the treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of disease

Question 2

What is also known as A.D.M.E.?

Answer 2

Pharmacokinetics

Question 3

What does A.D.M.E. stand for?

Answer 3

Absorption
distribution
metabolization
elimination

Question 4

How can a drug be distributed from from systemic circulation?

Answer 4

site of action, elimination processes, biotransformation, excretion, tissue reservoirs

Question 5

Dose of drugs in solution written most commonly as

Answer 5

percent weight-to-volume (%w/v)

%w/w in Europe, %v/v drugs liquid at room temp

Question 6

The ______ by which a drug is administered can affect 1+ aspects of the drugs action.

Answer 6

route

Question 7

When must a drug be labeled for Over the Counter use?

Answer 7

When adequate directions can be written for lay use

Question 8

Which drugs/products are approved for use in animal feed?

Answer 8

Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD)

Question 9

Prohibited from any extra-label use

Answer 9

VFD products

Question 10

How does in inclusion of epinephrine in the formulation of Lidocaine (local anesthetic) affect its action?

Answer 10

constricts blood vessels so the drugs stays local longer.

Question 11

Parental

Answer 11

outside the GI tract

Question 12

most absorption of drugs given p.o. occurs in the

Answer 12

small intestine (lower GI)

Question 13

drugs given ____ usually have a wide margin of safety

Answer 13

P.O.

Question 14

p.o. drugs must survive _____

Answer 14

the acidic environment of the stomach

& permeate GI mucosa and pass hepatic circulation

Question 15

slower onset of action, bioavailability influenced by meals, intestinal infections or liver disease.

Answer 15

po drugs

Question 16

in general have lower bioavailability, and requires larger doses

Answer 16

po

Question 17

non-invasive ->may be reversible

Answer 17

po

Question 18

Good characteristics of drugs to give orally

Answer 18

low molecular weight
acid resistant
lipid soluble
resistant to liver metabolism

Question 19

advantages of oral drugs

Answer 19

easy (good owner compliance)
non-invasive (low risk sepsis)
May be Reversible

Question 20

limitations of oral drug administration

Answer 20

delayed, variable onset of drug effect
influenced by GI motility
GI irritation
incompatible with vomiting, diarrhea, fractious animals

Question 21

general complications from injections

Answer 21

irritation
inflammation
allergic rxn
nerve damage

Question 22

SC/Subdermal injection is suitable for ______ formulations

Answer 22

solutions
suspensions
solid formulations

Question 23

good qualities of drugs for SC injection? (will inc. its bioavailability)

Answer 23

small, lipophilic, uncharged

Question 24

inappropriate for IV injection due to risk of forming an embolism

Answer 24

Drug suspensions

Question 25

SC injections are more affected by _____ than IM

Answer 25

ambient temperature (affects blow flow)

Question 26

For SC injections use a _____ gauge needle, ______ inches long

Answer 26

18 or 20 gauge needle | 1-1.5 in. long

Question 27

unsuitable for irritants (drugs in oily vehicles cause irritation)

Answer 27

SC

Question 28

formulation in which a drug is combined with a vehicle (penetration enhancer) that promotes drug passage through intact skin

Answer 28

Transdermal drug delivery

Question 29

advantages of TDDS

Answer 29

constant delivery rate easy for owners avoids disadvantages of other routes

Question 30

not really used in animals because of the unknowns

Answer 30

TDDS

Question 31

rich blood supply so rapid absorption

Answer 31

IM

Question 32

better route for irritants (and oily vehicles) vs. SC

Answer 32

IM, IV preferred (but not for oily!)

Question 33

best muscles for IM in a dog (avoid the?) cat? horse?

Answer 33

thigh, hamstring (sciatic n.) quads, dorsal lumbar m. base neck, semitendinosus m.

Question 34

Only use ______ IV

Answer 34

sterile particulate free solutions

Question 35

preferred route for large volume infusions

Answer 35

IV

Question 36

allows precise control of plasma drug level (can titrate, can use drugs with very low therapeutic index)

Answer 36

IV

Question 37

increased risk of _________ with IV injections

Answer 37

adverse (or intensified) effects

Question 38

irreversible

Answer 38

IV