Introduction & Basic Topography

Question 1

The CNS is made up of which 3 structures?

Answer 1

Cerebral hemispheres

Brainstem and cerebellum

Spinal cord

Question 2

The PNS is made of up which 4 structures?

Answer 2

Dorsal and ventral roots

Spinal nerves

Peripheral nerves

Ganglia

Question 3

True or false? Grey and white matter are used in respect to the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 3

False!!

Grey and white matter are only used in respect to the CENTRAL nervous system

Question 4

What is grey matter composed of?

Answer 4

Grey matter

Dendrites

Question 5

What is white matter composed of?

Answer 5

Axons + their supporting cells

Question 6

Why is white matter white?

Answer 6

Due to the presence of fatty myelin

Question 7

What is the PNS equivalent of grey matter?

Answer 7

Ganglion

Question 8

What is the PNS equivalent of white matter?

Answer 8

Peripheral nerve

Question 9

At the level of nerve roots are the functions mixed or segregated?

Answer 9

Segregated

Question 10

At the level of the nerve roots what are the dorsal and ventral roots responsible for?

Answer 10

Dorsal- sensory control

Ventral- motor control

Question 11

Which structures detect muscle stretch when the tendon hammer is applied to the patellar ligament?

Answer 11

Muscle spindle afferents

Question 12

What is the generic term for the neurone that receives information from the muscle spindle afferents?

Answer 12

Sensory muscle afferents

Question 13

What is the generic term for the neurone that sends impulses to the skeletal muscle in a reflex arc?

Answer 13

Motor efferent

Question 14

In monosynaptic reflexes like the knee jerk, where is the synapse found?

Answer 14

Ventral horn

Question 15

Draw a labelled diagram to show the reflex arc

Answer 15

Question 16

What spinal levels mediate the knee jerk reflex?

Answer 16

L3/L4

Question 17

What is the Jendrassik manoeuvre?

Answer 17

A technique used to distract the patient while you perform the test for knee jerk reflex

Question 18

What is a T1 MRI scan and how does this differ from a T2 scan?

Answer 18

In a T1 MRI- CSF is dark

In a T2 MRI- CSF is bright, water is bright *T2- H20*

Question 19

What are the three types of spina bifida?

Answer 19

1. Occulta
2. Meningocele
3. Myelomeningocele

Question 20

Which type of spina bifida has the worst prognosis? Why?

Answer 20

Myelomeningocele

Because neural tissue comes out of the opening- likely to effect its function

Question 21

The spinal cord is composed of how many segments?

Answer 21

31

Question 22

The spinal cord runs from where to where?

Answer 22

Foramen magnum

L1 vertebral level

Question 23

What is a funiculus?

How do impulses travel through such?

Answer 23

A segment of white matter containing multiple distinct tracts.

Impulses travel in multiple directions

Question 24

What is a tract?

How do impulses travel through such?

Answer 24

An anatomically and functionally defined pathway connecting two distinct regions of grey matter.

Impulses travel in ONE direction

Question 25

What is a fasiculus?

Answer 25

A subdivision of a tract, supplying a distinct region of the body

Question 26

White matter is organised into \_\_\_\_\_\_. Grey matter is organised into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 26

White matter- tracts Grey matter- cell columns

Question 27

Do subdivisions of grey matter look different histologically?

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

What is a nucleus in respect to the CNS? Are nuclei grey or white matter?

Answer 28

A distinct population of neurones in the CNS supplying a given muscle (Functionally related cell bodies) Grey matter

Question 29

# Define what is meant by "cortex" Is this grey or white matter?

Answer 29

A folded sheet of cell bodies found on the surface of a brain structure Grey matter

Question 30

What is a fibre? Is this grey or white matter?

Answer 30

An axon in association with its supporting cells (e.g.oligodendrocytes) White matter

Question 31

Association fibres connect cortical regions within ___________ hemisphere(s)

Answer 31

the same

Question 32

Commissural fibres connect ____________ hemispheres

Answer 32

left and right

Question 33

Projection fibres connect the cerebral hemispheres with ________ and vice versa

Answer 33

The cord/brainstem

Question 34

The midbrain is responsible for what?

Answer 34

Eye movements Reflex responses to sound and vision

Question 35

The pons is responsible for what?

Answer 35

Feeding Sleep

Question 36

The medulla is responsible for what?

Answer 36

CVS and Respiratory centres Major motor pathway - MEDULLARY PYRAMIDS

Question 37

Where is the primary motor cortex found?

Answer 37

Precentral gyrus

Question 38

Where is the primary sensory cortex found?

Answer 38

Postcentral gyrus

Question 39

What structure separates the temporal from the frontal/parietal lobes?

Answer 39

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

Question 40

What structure separates the parietal from the occipital lobe?

Answer 40

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 41

What structure is surrounded by the primary visual cortex?

Answer 41

Calcarine sulcus

Question 42

Can you locate these structures on this image: Corpus callosum Thalamus Cingulate gyrus Hypothalamus Fornix Tectum Cerebellar tonsil

Answer 42

Question 43

What are the cavities within the brain known as?

Answer 43

Ventricles

Question 44

What do the brain ventricles contain? What is the role of this structure?

Answer 44

Coroid plexus Produce CSF (600-700ml a day)

Question 45

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

Answer 45

Arachnoid granulations + others