Introduction- Corrigan Flashcards
1
Q
Are clinical signs diseases? a diagnosis?
A
- NO
- NO
2
Q
Physical effects created by pathophysiologic processes
A
Clinical Signs
(are NOT diseases)
3
Q
Different ways to classify diseases? (5)
A
- Mechanistic
- Fxnal
- Temporal
- Acute vs. chronic
- Age
- Congenital vs. Acquired
- Focal vs. systemic
4
Q
DAMNITV stands for?
A
- D - degenerative, developemental
- A - anomalous, allergic
- M - metabolic
- N - neoplastic, nutritional
- I - infectious, inflammatory, immune mediated, ischemic, idiopathic, iatrogenic
- T- trauma, toxic
- V- vascular
5
Q
POMR?
A
Problem Oriented Medical Record
6
Q
Who do you do a POMR?
A
- List all problems
- important ones first
- SOAP for each problem
- Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan
- Communicate to your client
7
Q
What is on a CBC?
A
- RBC
- HCT
- Hb
- MCV
- MCHC
- Reticulocyte count
- WBC
- PLT counts
- TP
- BLOOD SMEAR!
8
Q
Decreased PCV is due to what? (TQ)
A
Anemia
(regenerative or non-regenerative)
9
Q
Causes of Regenerative Anemia?
(TQ)
A
-
Hemolysis
- IMHA
- Hemorrhage
(Regenerative Anemia = 2 H’s)
10
Q
Causes of Non-Regenerative Anemia?
(3)
A
- Inflammation
- Renal dz.
- BM dz.
Non-regenerative = RIB
11
Q
Increased PCV is due to?
(TQ)
A
Polycythemia
(relative or absolute)
12
Q
4 reasons why _____ is Low?
A
- not making it
- using it
- breaking it down
- sequestrating it
13
Q
Elevations in Total Solids?
(3)
A
- Dehydration
- check albumin
- Chronic infections
- Leukemia
14
Q
Decreases in Total Solids?
(7)
A
- Poor nutrition
- Liver dz.
- Malabsorption
- Diarrhea
- PLN
- PLE
- Burns
15
Q
How can you distinguish between PLN & PLE on a CBC?
A
- PLN- just lose albumin
- PLE- lose both albumin & globulin
16
Q
Elevations in PCV & TS?
A
Dehydration & relative polycythemia
(if correct, both values return to WRI)
17
Q
Elevated TS w/ Low PCV?
A
- Dehydration may be masking a more sever anemia
- When correct–> may decrease PCV to alarming levels
18
Q
How can you estimate PCV?
A
Hb x 3
19
Q
Which values should you use when interpretating Leukogram?
A
Absolute Values
20
Q
Stress Leukogram
(TQ)
A
- Mature Neutrophilia
- Monocytosis
- Lymphopenia
- + eosinophilia
21
Q
Physiologic Leukocytosis?
A
- Neutrophilia
- Lymphocytosis
(Catecholamines/Fear –> Cats!)
22
Q
Inflammatory Leukogram?
A
> 1000 bands
OR
10% bands (if early or neutropenic)
23
Q
Causes of Extreme Neutophilic Leukocytosis
A
- Pyometra
- Ehrlichia
- Heptazoanosis
- Fungus
24
Q
3 things that should ALWAYS be on Rule Out List?
A
- Ehrlichia
- Neoplasia
- Fungus
25
Elevations in Mature Neutrophils #s?
| (6)
* Stress - *corticosteriods*
* Fear - *shifts marginating --\> circulating pool*
* Inflammation
* Infection
* Immune mediated dzs
* Neoplasia
26
Regenerative Left Shift?
* Leukocytosis
* Neutrophilia + Left Shift
* Segmented \> Bands
27
Degenerative Left Shift?
* normal to decreased total neutrophils c
* Left Shift
* Bands \> Segmented neutrophils.
* Body not meeting demand
28
Elevations in Lymphocytes?
(4)
* Chronic inflammation - *Riskettsial infections*
* Neoplasia
* Catecholamines - *fear*
* Hypoadrenocorticism - *Addison's*
29
Decreases in Lymphocytes:
(4)
* Steriods
* Acute inflammation
* Effusions
* Lymphoid hypoplasia/aplasia
30
What cells are the markers of antigenic stimulation?
Lymphocytes
31
Which cells are markers of chronic inflammation?
Monocytes
32
Causes of Eosinophillia
* Allergic dz
* Parasitic dz
* Eosinophilic dz
* Mast Cell Neoplasia
* Hypoadrenocorticism - *Addison's*
33
Which species are prone to eosinophilic dz's?
Cats!
34
Corrected Reticulocyte % (CPR)
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
* **_Dogs_**: \> 1.5% = regeneration
* **_Cats_**: \> 1% = regeneration
35
Which dog breeds have microcytic RBCs?
* Akita
* Shiba Inu
36
What should you be thinking of if the machine reads Hyperchromic RBCs?
Heinz bodies
look at Blood Smear
37
Which acute phase protein is an indicator of inflammation?
Fibrinogen
38
Causes of Thrombocytopenia?
(4)
**TQ!**
* Decreased production
* Increased use
* Increased destruction
* Sequestration
39
Which species have platelets that are easily activated?
Cats!
40
What can cause a false decrease in platelet numbers?
Platelet Party!
41
42
Heinz Bodies on a Blood Smear?
| (4)
* Oxydative damage
* Denatured Hb
* Onion toxicity
* Tylenol toxicity
43
Technique for Saline Dilution to distinguish Agglutination?
* ½ drop of blood
* 4-5 drops of saline
44
Elevations in Total Protein (TP)?
* Dehydration
* Chronic infections
* Leukemia
45
Decreases in Total Protein?
| (6)
* Poor nutrition
* Malabsorption
* Diarrhea
* Liver Dz
* Renal Dz
* Burns
46
Which protein is a liver fxn assessment?
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
Albumin!
47
Only clinical entity that causes hyperalbuminemia?
Dehydration
48
4 things that tell you about Liver **Fxn**?
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
* Cholesterol
* BUN
* Albumin
* Glucose
C-BAG!!!
49
AST comes from where? Is a marker of?
| (AST=aspartate aminotranferase)
* Mitochondria
* Cellular damage
50
Does AST test liver fxn?
NO
51
AST is suggestive of what 4 things?
* Liver damage
* Kidney infection
* Myocardial infarction
* Mm. damage
52
In what species is an AST increase of 2-3x in magnitude not a proper indicator?
* Cats
* really short ½ life --\> will often pee it out
53
Where does ALT come from? Accurate indicator of?
(ALT = alanine aminotransferase)
* Cytoplasm
* hepatocyte injury
54
At what time period will ALT be at its maximum in circulation?
48 hrs post acute injury
55
Does ALT measure Liver fxn?
NO
56
Where is ALP located? Indicator of what?
(ALP = alkaline phosphatase)
* Bile canaliculi membranes
* Cholestasis
57
ALP is a \_\_\_enzyme. Where else can it be found?
* isoenzyme
* Liver
* Bone - *skeletal growth*
* Pregnancy
* **Steroids- Dogs**
* Phenobarb
58
Why may GGT be useful in cats?
| (GGT= gamma glutamyl transferase)
Elevations in ALP & GGT suggestive of Hepatic Lipidosis
59
BUN is made where? Indicates what?
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
* Liver
* 75% damage
60
Elevations in BUN?
| (5)
* High protein intake
* GI bleeding - *ulcers*
* Renal Dz
* Dehydration
* Excercise
61
Decreases in BUN?
(4)
**TQ**
* Liver Dz.
* Poor diet
* Malabsorption
* Diuresis
62
Which breed of dogs have slightly higher than normal Creatinine levels?
## Footnote
**NAVLE**
Greyhounds
63
When will you see elevations of Creatinine?
Not till 75% of liver has been damaged
64
Azotemia MUST be evaluated with what?
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
Urine Specific Gravity (USG)
65
Which hormone has a greater effect on the body, PTH or Calcitonin?
## Footnote
**(TQ)**
PTH
| (Parathyroid Hormone)
66
Which form of Ca should you evaluate if concerned about abnormal total Ca levels?
Ionized!
| (free Ca in the body)
67
Causes of Hypercalcemia?
| (10)
GOSH DARN IT
* **G**-granulomatous dz.
* **O**-osteopathy/osteolytic dz.
* **S**- spurious
* **H**- Hyperparathyroidism
* **D**- Hypervitaminosis D
* **A**- Addison's
* **R**- Renal dz.
* **N**- Neoplasia = LSA, ASA, MM
* **I**- Idiopathic
* **T**- Temperature (Cats)
68
Facial itchyness can be a sign of what?
Hypocalcemia
69
Causes of Hypocalcemia?
| (6)
HERPES
* **H**- hypoparathyroidism
* **E**- eclampsia
* **R**- renal dz.
* **P**- pacreatitis/phosphorus
* **E**- ethylene glycol toxicity
* **S**- spurious *(fake)*
70
