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Embroylogy > Introduction lecture 1 > Flashcards

Introduction lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

The first 8 weeks

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2
Q

What is the definition of conceptus?

A

the embryo in the uterus, especially during the early stages of pregnancy

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3
Q

When does the embryo form?

A

week 4 -> week 8

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4
Q

When does the foetus form?

A

week 9 -> Birth

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5
Q

Define Gametogenesis

A

Formation of the germ cells

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6
Q

what are the stages of embryogenesis?

A

1) Gametogenesis
2) Fertilisation
3) Cleavage
4) Gastrulation (3 germlayers)
5) Morphogenesis (change shape)
6) Organogenesis

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7
Q

Can you tell the sex in the embryonic period?

A

no

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8
Q

what is gametogenesis?

A

Germ cell formation

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9
Q

What is Fertilization?

A

Fusion of the sperm and the oocyte to form the Zygote

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10
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Period of rapid cell division (no size increase)

- formation of morula then blastocyst (day 1-4)

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11
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

Formation of the germ layers (week 3)

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12
Q

What are the 3 germ layers formed during gastrulation?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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13
Q

What layer is the Ectoderm?

A

Outer

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14
Q

What layer is the mesoderm?

A

Middle

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15
Q

What layer is the Endoderm?

A

Inner

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16
Q

What is Organogenesis?

A

formation of organs and organ systems

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17
Q

What happens during the Foetal period?

A
  • Growth and weight gain
  • Tissues mature and become functional
  • Overt sexual differentiation
  • Bone laid down; connections made in CNS
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18
Q

When are foetus most at risk of congenital defects and why?

A

week 3 -> 8 because at this stage the embryo is less able to correct any defects

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19
Q

how does the zygote develop all the cells that make up the human body?

A
  • Relatively small number of processes

- Processes interact with each other producing more complex outcomes.

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20
Q

Name the 6 primary processes.

A
  • Cell Division
  • Differentiation
  • Cell Attachment
  • Apoptosis
  • Induction
  • Cell Migration
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21
Q

In primary processes what happens in cell division?

A

Increase number of cells and a linkage between cells forming tissue

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22
Q

In primary processes what happens in Differentiation?

A

Specialisation, change in appearance/ structure, adoption of new functions
e.g. Epiblast cells becoming neural cells

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23
Q

In primary processes what happens in Cell attachment?

A
  • physical/ functional linkages

- formation of tissues

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24
Q

In primary processes what happens in Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

25
Q

In primary processes what happens in Induction?

A

Ability of one cell type to cause another to differentiate (directly or at a distance). Possible due to interactions of proteins

26
Q

In primary processes what happens in Cell migration?

A

Movement of cells to another location e.g. gastrulation of layers of embryo

27
Q

Name the 3 secondary processes.

A
  • Axis formation/polarity
  • Folding/ Rotation
  • Increases/ Decreases in mass/ dimension
28
Q

In secondary processes what happens in Axis formation/ polarity?

A

occurs in gastrulation. Polarity is needed for cells to form with the correct purpose.

29
Q

In secondary processes what happens in Folding/ rotation?

A

Allows organs or structures to become more complex.

30
Q

In secondary processes what happens in Increases in dimension?

A
  • Hyperplasia ( Increase in no. of cells)

- Hypertrophy (increase in size of cells)

31
Q

In secondary processes what happens in Decrease in dimension?

A

Compaction = segregates inner cells, which communicate extensively by gap junctions, from outer cells

32
Q

Environmental control has what effect?

A

less effect on humans but huge impact in other species

33
Q

what is genetic imprinting?

A

process by which maternal or paternal contribution to the embryo is preferentially switched on/off

34
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

modification of gene expression ( caused by external factors) rather than alteration of genetic code itself.

35
Q

what factors can effect epigenetic control?

A
  • Methylation
  • Deletions of regions chromosomes
  • Environment
  • genetic imprinting
36
Q

Describe the Angleman Syndrome

A

deletion of chromosome 15 from mother. mental retardation and poor motor development

37
Q

Describe the Prader- Willi syndrome

A

Deletion on paternal chromosome 15

Mental retardation; Obesity; Hypogonadism

38
Q

A normal human somatic cell has how many chromosome?

A

46 chromosomes (diploid)

39
Q

A normal human gamete cell has how many chromosomes?

A

23 chromosomes (haploid)

40
Q

what Is aneuploid?

A

any chromosome number that is not n or 2n

41
Q

what is trisomy?

A

extra chromosome present

42
Q

what is monosomy?

A

chromosome missing

43
Q

when would trisomy or monosomy occur?

A

during mitosis or meiosis

44
Q

what is nondisjunction?

A

separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes does not occur (one cell receives 24 + one 22)

45
Q

what is down sydrome?

A

trisomy 21= extra copy of chromosome 21. Resulting from meiotic nondisjunction most commonly during oocyte formation.

46
Q

what is Klinefelter syndrome?

A

Found only in males. Causes sterility and gynecomastia 47 chromosomes. Non disjunction of XX homologues is caused giving sex chromosomal complement of XXY

47
Q

what is the Turner syndrome?

A

only monosomy compatible with life. 45 chromosomes. Absence of ovaries, female in appearance and short stature.

48
Q

what is the zone of pellucida?

A

hard shell limiting space

49
Q

are zygotes single or double cells?

A

single cell embryo

50
Q

formation of a morula is when?

A

16+ cells

51
Q

when a blastocyst is formed what can be seen

A

first point you can look at an embryo and differentiate cell types

52
Q

during embryonic folding what folds?

A

endoderm and ectoderm

53
Q

how far into development can you tell the gender?

A

week 12

54
Q

when does ossification of bones begin?

A

not till later

55
Q

why is there not a high risk of birth defects between weeks 1 and 3?

A

Risk is low as embryo will either compensate or development will stop.

56
Q

When is birth defects at the highest risk?

A

week 5

57
Q

why is the foetal period not at high risk for birth defects?

A

As in the foetal period it is more likely to be functional related rather than structural

58
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

cells grow but don’t increase

59
Q

explain genetic control

A
  • very early development
  • soon embryo specifies own development
  • specific genes turn on/off
  • rate of gene transcription increases/ decreased
  • gene expression tightly regulated in respect to time and space

Embroylogy (12 decks)

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