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MD2001 > Introduction to Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

It is the position of reference
1) Stands upright
2) Face forward
3) Upper limbs are on each side
4) Palms face forward, the thumbs are pointed away from the body
5) Feet together

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2
Q

What are the anatomical planes?

A
  • Medial plane
  • Sagittal plane
  • Frontal (coronal) plane
  • Transverse (axial) plane
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3
Q

Define:
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
Medial

A

1) Above, nearer head
2) Below , nearer feet
3) In front of
4) Behind
5) Further from median plane
6) Nearer to median plane

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4
Q

Define:
Superficial
Intermediate
Deep
Proximal
Distal
Palmar
Dorsal
Plantar

A

1) Nearer to the surface
2) Between a superficial and a deep structure
3) Farther from surface
4) Nearer to trunk or point of origin
5) Farther from trunk or point of origin
6) Anterior Hand/ Palm
7) Posterior hand/ Superior foot surface
8) inferior foot surface

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5
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

Largest organ
Composed of epidermis dermis and subcutaneous tissue (Hypodermis)

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6
Q

What is present in the epidermis?

A
  • Keratinised epithelum
  • Some nerve endings
  • Avascular
  • Shedding and regeneration
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7
Q

What is present in the dermis?

A
  • Collagenous and elastin rich ( tough and stretchy) Contains hair follicles, arrestor pili muscles, some sweat glands
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8
Q

What is present in the subcutaneous tissue?

A
  • Adipose tissue store
  • Vascular and innervated
  • Contains sweat glands`
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9
Q

What eccrine glands secrete?

A

water and some electrolytes, present on almost all skin

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10
Q

What do apocrine glands secrete?

A

lipid/protein rich secretion, select sites (axillae, perineal area, genital area) – “activate” with puberty

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11
Q

What features contribute to the protection of the skin?

A

Keratin, collagen, elastin

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12
Q

What features contribute to thermoregulation of the skin?

A

sweat, hair and arrector pili, superficial vasculature

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13
Q

What contribute to the skin’s sensory function?

A

nerve endings – pain, temperature, proprioception, fine touch

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14
Q

What are key functions of the skin?

A
  • Protection
  • Containment ( can expand and contract)
  • Thermoregulation
  • Sensory
  • Vitamin D synthesis vs. protection from UV – melanin content
  • Can absorb medications (more readily in lipid-based preparation)
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15
Q

What are langer lines?

A
  • Specific lines of tension within the skin
  • Conferred by the MAIN orientation of collagen fibres
  • Implications for surgical incisions
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16
Q

What does the skeleton consist of?

A

Bones and cartilage

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17
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A
  • Skull
  • vertebrae
  • sacrum
  • ribs
  • coccyx
  • hyoid
  • sternum
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18
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A
  • Limbs
  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
  • Hip bones
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19
Q

Draw out the nervous system

A
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20
Q

What are neurones outnumbered by?

A

Glial cells which support them

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21
Q

What are ganglia?

Study These Flashcards
A

The site of synapse

22
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord covered in?

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A

Protective layers of meninges

23
Q

What are the three layers of meninges?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Dura mater - tough outer layer
  • Arachnoid mater - Middle layer, creates a subarachnoid space for cerebrospinal fluid
  • Pia mater - closely adhered to brain/spinal cord
24
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

Study These Flashcards
A

31 paired spinal nerves
- 8 Cervical
- 12 Thoracic
- 5 Lumbar
- 5 Sacral
- 1 coccygeal
12 paired cranial nerves

25
Where do the cranial nerves arise from and what are their functions?
- Arise from brain/brainstem - Functions mostly occur in head and neck, with exception of vagus nerve (CNX) - “Special” senses (sight, smell, taste, hearing, balance)
26
What are the divisions of the Autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
27
What does the sympathetic nervous system control?
- Fight or flight - Dilates pupils, increases cardiac output, dilates bronchioles, increase blood to muscle, slow digestion etc.
28
What cell bodies are involved in the sympathetic nervous system?
Cell bodies in intermediolateral columns of spinal cord (Thoracolumbar, T1,L3)
29
What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?
- Constrict pupil, decrease cardiac output, promote digestive functions
30
What cell bodies are involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Cell bodies in brainstem and sacral segment
31
What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
The peritoneal cavity - Digestive system and ovaries
32
What does the thoracic cavity form?
- The pleural cavity - lungs - Pericardial cavity - heart
33
What do cavities represent?
Potential spaces - sources of spreading infection, fluid build up or fluid loss
34
How does the human body start as?
- The human body starts as a simple tube-like structure. - The gut tube is considered external to the body, even though it's inside—because it’s continuous with the outside via the mouth and anus. - Body cavities surround this internal tube, separating internal organs from the body wall.
35
Explain the difference between parietal and visceral layers?
- Parietal layer lines the body wall. - Visceral layer covers the organs. - A small amount of lubricating fluid exists between them (pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal fluid).
36
What does development begin from?
- From a zygote - Divides into a morula - Then divides into a blastocyst - Implantation occurs around on day 7 - 9
37
What two layers of cells form the inner cell mass?
- Epiblast - Hypoblast
38
What is gastrulation?
The formation of a trilaminar disc from the epiblast around day 17
39
What are the three germ layers? (trilaminar disc)
- Ectoderm - outer layer - Mesoderm - middle layer - Endoderm - inner layer
40
What does the mesoderm develop into?
- Paraxial mesoderm - intermediate mesoderm - Lateral plate mesoderm
41
What does the lateral plate mesoderm further divide into?
- Parietal/ somatic layer (body wall) - Visceral/splanchnic layer ( organs) - day 20
42
What is the intraembryonic coelom and what does it form?
- The early body cavity - It is a continuous cavity - It forms a horseshoe shape around the developing head
43
How does the embryonic disc fold?
- Cranio- caudally - Laterally
44
What does lateral folding cause?
- The closing of the body walls - Entrapment of the intraembryonic coelom and gut tube within a closed body cavity - Cavity lined by somatic mesoderm - Gut tube lined by visceral mesoderm
45
What happens during crania caudal folding?
The head and tail ends fold inward
46
What happens during lateral folding?
The sides of the embryo fold down and around
47
What does folding of the discs cause?
- Cause the developing, septum transverse and associated intraembryonic coelom to move caudally
48
What happens during the partitioning of the intraembryonic coelom
- Lung buds invaginate into pericardioperitoneal canals which forms pleural cavities - Pleuropericardial folds (mesodermal ridges) spare the pericardial and pleural cavities and form the fibrous pericardium
49
What is the diaphragm composed of?
- Septum transversum - central tendon - Pleuroperitoneal membranes - lateral portions - Mesentery of the oesophagus - forms crura - Body wall muscle - peripheral portion
50
What does the diaphragm separate?
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

MD2001 (12 decks)

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