Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Anterior (ventral)
A
towards the front of the body
2
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Posterior (dorsal)
A
towards the back of the body
3
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Medial
A
towards the midline of the body
4
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Lateral
A
towards the side of the body
5
Q
Proximal
A
nearer to the point of attachment or from a given reference point
6
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Distal
A
farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point
7
Q
Superior (cranail)
A
above; toward the head
8
Q
Inferior (caudal)
A
below; towards the lower end of the spine
9
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Superficial (external)
A
Closer to the surface of the body
10
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Deep (internal)
A
Closer to the center of the body
11
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Supine
A
lying face up
12
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Prone
A
lying face down
13
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Sagittal
A
Cuts through the body from front to back ad divides the body into right and left sections
14
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Midsagittal
A
Cuts through the midline of the body from front to back and dives the body into equal right and left sections
15
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Frontal (coronal)
A
Cuts at a right angle to he midline, from side to side and divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior sections
16
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Transverse (horizontal) (axial)
A
Cuts horizontally through the body and separates the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections
17
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Cells
A
smallest unit of organism
18
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Cell Membrane
A
Surround and protects cell; semipermable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
19
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Cystoplasm
A
body of cell; material or protoplasm within a living cell excluding the nucleus
20
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Nucleus
A
Small round structure within the cell containing chromosomes and nucleoplasm (DNA and RNA)
21
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Chromosome
A
Linear strand made of DNA, carrying genetic information
22
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Cytology
A
Study of cells including the formation, structure, and function of the cells
23
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RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
A
Contains within the nucleus, is transcribed from DNA by enzymes and plays a crucial role in protein synthesis
24
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Gene
A
Specific segment of base pairs in chromosomes, functional unity of heredity
25
Mitosis
Cells divide and multiply to form two cells
26
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial cavity and spinal cavity
27
Cranial Cavity
The space inside the skull, or cranium, containing the brain
28
Spinal cavity
The space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord
29
Ventral Cavity
Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity
30
Thoracic Cavity
The space containing the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi and thymus
31
Abdominal Cavity
The space containing the lower portion of the esophagus, the stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, ureters.
32
Pelvic Cavity
The space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of the large intestine and the rectum.
33
Mucous Membranes
Epithelial tissue which can secrete mucus and lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages. Involved in secretion and absorption
34
Serous Membranes
Line internal body cavities and organs such as the heart, lungs and abdominal cavity. They consist of a layer of simple squamous epithelium overlaying a layer of loose connective tissue
35
Synovial Membranes
These line joint cavities and are composed of connective tissue. They secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity; this lubricates the ends of bones so they can move more freely
36
Meninges
Composed of three connective tissue membranes found within the dorsal cavity and serve as a protective covering of the brain and spinal cord. The meninges from outer layer to inside layer are dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
37
Cutaneous Membrane
This membrane forms the outer covering of the body and consists of a thin outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium attached to a thicker underlying layer of connective tissue. It is skin.
38
Stratum Corneum
Horny Layer of epidermis; outermost layer
39
Stratum Lucidum (palms and soles)
Clear layer of epidermis, dead skin found on palms and soles of feet
40
Stratum Granulosum
Thin layer of cells in the epidermis. Contains two types of granules; keratohyaline granules and lamented granules.
41
Stratum Spinosum
Composed of prickle cells that are interwoven for protection in the epidermis
42
Stratum Basal (Stratum Germinativum)
Deepest of the five layers of epidermis made up of basal cells
43
Stratum Papilare
Thin superficial layer of the dermis, interlocked with the epidermis
44
Stratum Reticulare
Thick dense layer of dermis, irregular connective tissue
45
Allograft
A graft transplanted from one person to another who is not genetically identical; also called an allogeneic skin graft
46
Autologous
Obtained from the patient as both the donor and recipient
47
Cutaneous
Pertaining to the skin
48
Dermatology
The study of skin
49
Decubitus
Pressure ulcer/bedsore
50
Ecchymosis
Condition in which blood seeps into the skin, causing discoloration
51
Hypodermic
Pertaining to under the skin
52
Intradermal
Pertaining to within the skin
53
Melanin
Pigment giving color to skin
54
Melanoma
Pigmented malignant tumor of the skin, the most dangerous form of skin cancer
55
Pediculosis
Infestation with lice
56
Percutaneous
Through the skin wither by absorption or by needle puncture
57
Pruritus
Severe itching
58
Subcutaneous
Pertaining to below the skin
59
Tinea
Ringworm (fungal skin infection)
60
Transcutaneous
Penetrating, entering, or passing through the skin
61
Trichomycosis
Fungal infection of the hair
62
Urticaria
Raised wheals or hies on skin with itching
63
Alopecia
Loss of hair
64
Hair Papilla
Knoblike indentation at bottom of hair follicle counting the blood supply to hair root
65
Lunula
Little moon are of nail
66
Nail Body
Visible part of nail
67
Nail Bed
Skin below the nail, epidermis and dermis
68
Onychitis
Inflammation of nail matrix (nail bed)
69
Long Bones
Bones longer than they are wide and found in the limbs
70
Tubular Bones
Long Bones
71
Short Bones
Roughly cube shaped bones such as carpal bones of the worst and tarsal bones of the ankle
72
Sesamoid Bones
Short bone shaped like a sesame seed formed within tendons, cartilaginous in early life and osseous (bony) in the adult. Patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body
73
Cuboidal
Short bones
74
Flat bones
Consist of a layer of spongy bones between two thin layers of compact bone; cross-section is flat, not rounded. Flat bones have marrow but lack a bone marry cavity. Eg: skull and ribs
75
Irregular bones
Does not fit other categories of bones. Eg: Vertebrae
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Closed Fracture
Does not involve break in skin
77
Compound Fracture
Projects through the skin with a possibility of infection
78
Comminuted Fracture
More than two separate bone components (fragments)
79
Transverse Fracture
Breaks shaft of a bone across the longitudinal axis
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Greenstick Fracture
Only one side of shaft is broken and other is bent, common in children
81
Spiral Fracture
Spread along length of bone and produced by twisting stress
82
Colles' Fracture
Occurs in wrist and affects the distal radius bone
83
Compression Fracture
Vertebrae collapse due to trauma, tumor or osteoporosis
84
Epiphyseal Fracture
Occurs when matrix is calcifying and chondrocytes are dying usually seen in children
85
Skeletal Muscle
Also called striated muscle and is attached to the skeleton by tendons; contraction of skeletal muscle is under voluntary control
86
Cardiac Muscle
Also called heart muscle and contains interlocking involuntary striated muscle, which allows electrical impulses to pass quickly across the muscle fibers
87
Smooth Muscle
Found in the walls of all the hollow organs of the body except the heart, its contraction reduces the side of these structures; movement generally is involuntary
88
Ankylosis
Condition of stiffening of a join
89
Arthralgia
Pain the in joint
90
Arthritis
Inflammation in the joint
91
Arthrodesis
Surgical fixation of a joint
92
Arthropathy
Join disease
93
Bursitis
Inflammation of bursa
94
Carpal
Pertaining to the wrist bones
95
Chondral
Pertaining to cartilage
96
Chondralgia
Pain around and in the cartilage
97
Coccygeal
Pertaining to the coccyx
98
Connective
Tissue connecting or binding together
99
Dactylic
Pertaining to finger or toe
100
Femoral
Pertaining to the femur
101
Femur
Thighbone
102
Iliac
Pertaining to the ilium
103
Kyphosis
Abnormal curvature of thoracic spine (humpback)
104
Lordosis
Abnormal anterior curvature of spine, usually lumbar (swayback or hollow back)
105
Metacarpal
Long bones of the hand that form the skeletal structure of the palm
106
Osteoblast
Bone forming cell
107
Osteocarcinoma
Cancerous tumor of bone
108
Osteorrhaphy
Suture of bone
109
Patellar
Pertaining to the patella bone
110
Phalanges
Bones of the fingers and toes
111
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of spine
112
Sternotomy
Surgical incision of sterum
113
Tarsal
Pertaining to the tarsal bones in the foot
114
Tendonitis
Inflammation of tedon
115
Angina
A condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart
116
Angiocarditis
Inflammation of the heart and blood vessels
117
Angioplasty
Surgical repair repair of blood vessels
118
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of an artery
119
Joints
Where two or more bones meet
120
Tendons
A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
121
Ligaments
A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable
122
Blood vessel
A tubular structure carrying blood through the tissues and organs; a vein, artery, or capillary.
123
Vein
Any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart.
124
Artery
Any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body
125
Capillaries
Any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.
126
Arteriotomy
Incision into an artery
127
Atherosclerosis
A type of arteriosclerosis characterized by lipid deposits causing fibrosis calcification
128
Bradycardi
Slow heartbeat
129
Cardiocentesis
Surgical puncture of the heart
130
Cardiologist
Physician specializing in diseases of the heart
131
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the heart
132
Cardiopulmonary
Pertaining to heart and lungs
133
Carditis
Inflammantion of heat
134
Cyanosis
Bluing of skin an mucous membranes cause by oxygen deficiency
135
Diastole
Relaxation of heart allowing blood to refill the heart chamber
136
Electrocardiogram
Electrical tracing of the heart and heart muscle activity
137
Embolism
Blood clot traveling through the blood vessel to another part of the body
138
Hemangioma
Benign tumor of a blood vessel
139
Hypertension
Persistent excessive pressure in the arteries
140
Pacemaker
A system that uses low energy electronic pulses to control the heart rhythm
141
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
142
Systole
Contraction of the heart
143
Thrombus
Blood clot formed within a blood vessel
144
Transluminal
Passing through tubular organ or part such as the lumen of a blood vessel
145
Lymphatic System
Comprised of Lymph vessels and lymph nodes. Collects excess fluid from the interstitial spaces (potential spaces between tissue) and returns it to the heart.
146
Cardiovascular System
Comprised of the heart and the blood vessels working together to move blood throughout our body to provide nutrients and oxygen to all organs and tissues within the body.
147
Musculoskeletal System
System of muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments providing movement, form, strength and protection.
148
Integumentary System
Largest organ system in body is comprised of skin, hair and nails. Provide protection from injury, fluid loss and microorganisms. Temperature regulation. Fluid balance. Sensation.
149
Spleen
Organ of the lymphatic system in the left upper abdomen that filters and destroys red blood cells that are no longer efficient. It serves as a blood forming organ early in life and later as a storage unit for extra red blood cells and platets
150
Lymph node
each of a number of small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed
151
Lymphocyte
a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system
152
Thymus
Organ located in the neck with two identical lobes. Increases in size during first year of lie. After puberty t gradually atrophies. It is responsible for T-lymphocyte maturation enabling these cells to function against specific pathogens in the immune system.
153
Peyer's Patches
Found in lining of intestine and help protect against microorganisms
154
Lymphadenitis
Inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes, usually as a result of infection
155
Lymphangitis
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels as a result of bacterial infection
156
Lymphedema
Swelling of tissues with lymph caused by obstruction or excision of lymphatic vessels
157
Lymphoma
Any neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue
158
Sentinel node
The first few lymph nodes into which a tumor drains and cancer cells are likely spread from a primary tumor
159
Thymitis
Thymus gland inflammation
160
Respiratory System
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and their smaller branches, lungs and alveoli. It functions to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. Air inspired through the nose and mouth passes the lungs through a series of branching airways known as the bronchial tree
161
Pharynx
Nasopharynx (air passageway), Oropharynx (air and food passageway), and laryngopharynx (air and food passageway)
162
Trachea
Mediastinal region, splits into two bronchi that enter the lungs. Three lobes in right lung and two lobes in left. The epiglottis is a loose flap at the top of the trachea that flips over to close the trachea when a person swallows
163
Larynx
Voice box and helps provide an open airway and acts as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
164
ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Pulmonary edema that can rapidly lead to death
165
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchioles
166
Bronchoscope
Instrument used to examine the bronchi
167
Carina
Projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage where the trachea separates into two bronchi
168
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Any group of chronic progressive and debilitative respiratory diseases eg: asthma, bronchitis
169
Dyspnea
Difficult breathing
170
Endotracheal tube
A tube placed through the mouth into the trachea to help a patient breath
171
Hemothorax
Presence of blood in the pleural space
172
Hyperpnea
Abnormally rapid or deep breathing
173
Lobectomy
Surgical excision of a lobe of the lung
174
Orthopnea
Difficulty breathing unless upright or in a straight position
175
Pneumothorax
Collection of air in the chest or pleural cavity
176
Rales (crackles)
Abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways or alveoli containing fluid typically during inspiration
177
Rhinorrhea
Discharge from the nose
178
Rhonchus
Rale or rattling sound in throat or bronchial tube caused by obstructed or inflamed bronchi
179
Tachypnea
Fast or rapid breathing
180
Thoracoscopy
Examination of the pleural cavity through an endoscope
181
Thoracotomy
Incision into the chest wall
182
Thoracentesis
Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity via surgical puncture; pleural tap
183
Tuberculosis
A highly contagious, chronic bacterial infection usually affecting the lungs
184
Wheeze
Whistling sound usually cause by air passageway obstruction, common in asthmatics
185
Digestive System
Gastrointestinal tract and it's ancillary organs. System mechanically and chemically breaks down food into minuscule or molecular size for absorption into the blood stream and use at the cellular level.
186
Aphagia
Inability to swallow
187
Bariatric
Pertaining to the prevention and control of obesity
188
Biliary
Pertaining to bile
189
Buccal
Pertaining to the cheek
190
Cholecystectomy
Surgical excision of the gallbladder
191
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
192
Colectomy
Excision of part of the colon
193
Colonoscopy
Examination of colon
194
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of one or more diverticulum
195
Diverticulosis
Presence of a number of diverticula of the intestine
196
Diverticula
n abnormal pouch or sac opening from a hollow organ (such as the intestine or bladder)
197
Epigastic
Region above the stomach
198
Gastralgia
Pain in the stomach
199
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood
200
Herniotomy
Incision into a hernia
201
Ileostomy
Creating an opening thought the abdominal wall into the ileum
202
Ileum
the third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum
203
Laparotomy
Surgical incision into the abdomen
204
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancrea
205
Pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx
206
Rectocele
Herniation of the rectum into the vagina
207
Sigmoidoscope
Instrument used to view the sigmoid colon
208
Splenomegaly
Enlarged spleen
209
Splenorrhaphy
Repair of spleen
210
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth
211
Sublingual
Below or beneath the tongue
212
Transoral
Through the mouth
213
Warthin's tumor
A tumor found in the salary gland
214
Urinary System
Produces urine for excretion of metabolic wastes and fluid and electrolyte balance and provides transportation and temporary storage of urine prior to the intermittent process of urination. Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
215
Albuminuria
Presence of serum protein in the urine
216
Bacteriuria
Bacteria in the urine
217
Chronic Kidney Disease CKD
A chronic disease in which the kidney's ability to filter water from the blood declines slowly
218
Cystectomy
Excision of the bladder or part of the bladder; removal of a cyst
219
Cystitis
Inflammation of bladder
220
Cystocele
Hernia of the bladder protruding into the vagina
221
Cystolithectomy
Excision of a stone from the bladder
222
Cystopexy
Surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
223
Cystoplasty
Surgical repair of the bladder
224
Cystorrhagia
Blood bursting forth from the bladder
225
Dialysis
Separation of waste material from blood to maintain fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance in impaired kidney function or in the absence of a kidney
226
Dysuria
Difficult or painful urination
227
Hematuria
Blood in urine
228
Hydronephrosis
Condition in which urine collects in the renal pelvis due to obstructed outflow, results in dilation of the renal pelvis and calices
229
Incontinence
Inability to hold urine
230
Nephrectomy
Excision of a kidney
231
Nephritis
Inflammation of a kidney
232
Nephrologist
Physician treating diseases of the kidney
233
Nephropathy
Disease of the kidney
234
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening or sclerosis of the kidney
235
Plyuria
Excessive urination, profuse micturition
236
Pyelocystitis
Inflammation of the bladder and renal pelvis
237
Pyelonephristis
Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis
238
Pyuria
Pus in urine
239
Uremia
Excess urea and other nitrogenous waster in blood
240
Ureteroplasty
Surgical repair of the ureter
241
Urethralgia
Pain in the urethra
242
Urinalysis
Examination of the urine to detect abnormalities by various diagnostic methods
243
Urologist
A physician treating disease of the urinary system
244
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation
245
Amniocentesis
Surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid
246
Antepartum
Time period during pregnancy before childbirth
247
Colporrhaphy
Suture or repair of vaginal wall
248
Dysmenorrhea
Painful or difficult menstruation
249
Endometriosis
Condition in which the endometrial tissue is found outside of the uterus such as in the abdominal or pelvic cavity
250
Epispadias
Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper aspect (dorsum) of the penis
251
External os
The opening from the cervix into the vagina
252
Fibroma
Fibrous tumor, also calle a myoma, fibroid or leiomyoma
253
Hysterotomy
Surgical incision into the uterus
254
Hypospadias
Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or on the perineum
255
Mammography
A graphic recording of the breast using x-ray technology
256
Mastectomy
Surgical excision of the breast
257
Menorrhagia
Excessive blood flow during menstruation
258
Menorrhea
Normal Menstruation
259
Myometritis
Inflammation of the muscular wall of the uterus
260
Oophorectomy
Surgical excision of one or both of the ovaries
261
Orchiectomy
Surgical excision of a testicle
262
Postpartum
Period after childbirth
263
Salpingectomy
Surgical excision of fallopian tubes
264
Prostatalgia
Pain in the prostate
265
Trimester
Period of three months during pregnancy
266
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina
267
Vasectomy
Excision of the vas deferens (sperm-carrying duct) surgically
268
Nervous System
Network of nerve fibers traversing the human body. Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord. Command Center. Peripheral Nervous System: Cranial and spinal nerves. Communication lines linking all parts of the body.
269
Ataxia
Lola of muscular coordination
270
Bradykinesia
Abnormal or slowness of motion
271
Cephalgia
Headache
272
Cerebrospinal
Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord
273
Craniotomy
Surgical opening into the skull
274
Discectomy
Surgical excision of an intervertebral disc
275
Dysphasia
Impairment of speech
276
Encephalomalacia
Softening of the brain often due to ischemia or infarction
277
Epidural
Pertaining to above or outside the dura mater (the tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord)
278
Epilepsy
A brain disorder characterized by electrical like disturbances resulting in seizures
279
Hemiparesis
Paralysis on one side of the body
280
Intracranial
Within the skull
281
Intrathecal administration
Injection into the spinal canal or into the subarachnoid space
282
Laminectomy
Excision of the vertebral posterior arch or spinal process
283
Meningiitis
Inflammation of the meninges or the membranes covering the spinal cord or brain
284
Myelitis
Inflammation of the spinal cord
285
Neuralgia
Severe or stabbing pain in the course or distribution of a nerve
286
Neuritis
Inflammation of a nerve
287
Neurologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system
288
Neurolysis
Destruction of nerve tussle or lysis (breaking up perineural adhesions)
289
Neurorraphy
Repair of severed nerve by suture, graft or with synthetic conduit
290
Neurosis
Emotional condition or disorder; anxiety is a primary characteristic
291
Neurotransmitters
A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse
292
Polymyelitis
Inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord
293
Psychosis
An abnormal condition of the mind, gross disorganization or distortion of mental capacity
294
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities
295
Radiculitis
Inflammation of the spinal nerve roots
296
Sciatica
Severe pain along the sciatic nerve, usually unilateral based on the nerve root affected
297
Subdural
Below the dura mater
298
Vagotomy
Surgical incision of the vagus nerve
299
Amblyopia
Lazy eye causing dullness of vision
300
Ametropia
Defect in the refractive power of the eye
301
Aphakia
Absence of lens of the eye
302
Astigmatism
Due to an abnormal curve of the cornea, rays of light do not focus on the retina, but spread over area causing out of focus vision
303
Blepharitis
An inflammation of the edges of the eyelids
304
Cataract
Opacity of the lens of the eye
305
Conjunctiva
A mucous membrane that covers the outer surface of the eye and lines the inside oft he eyelids
306
Corneal
Pertaining to the cornea
307
Cycloplegia
Ciliary muscle paralysis
308
Diplopia
Double vision
309
Ectropion
Turning outward (eyelid)
310
Entropion
Turning in ward (eyelid)
311
Glaucoma
Disease of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure
312
Intraocular
Within the eye
313
Karatis
Inflammation of the cornea
314
Lacrimal
Relating to tears or to the glands that secrets tears
315
Ocular
Pertaining to the eye
316
Ophthalmologist
A physician specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disease of the eye
317
Ophthalmoscope
An instrument used to examine the interior portion of the eye
318
Presbyopia
Farsightedness associated with aging and progressive disease
319
Retinopathy
Non-inflammatory degenerative disease of the retina
320
Tonometer
Instrument to measure intraocular pressure
321
Trichiasis
Ingrown eyelashes; can rub against the cornea irritating eye
322
Otology
Study of ears
323
Audiology
Study of hearing disorders
324
Auricle
External ear
325
Labyrinthitis
Inflammation of the labyrinth
326
Myringoplasty
Repair of the tympanic membrane
327
Ossicles
Three small bones in the middle ear known as the malleus, incus and stapes
328
Otolaryngologist
Physician specializing in diagnosis and treatment of diseased of the ear and larynx
329
Otologist
Physician specializing in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear
330
Otopyorrhea
Pus draining from the ear
331
Otoscope
Instrument used to examine the ear and the ear drum
332
Tinnitus
Ringing in the ear
333
Vertigo
Feeling you or your environment is moving or spinning, caused by a disturbance of equilibrium in the labyrinth
334
Endocrine System
Comprised of glands, a group of cells that secrete chemicals called hormones.
335
Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys. Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla.
336
Carotid Body
a small mass of receptors in the carotid artery sensitive to chemical change in the blood.
337
Pancreas
Endocrine Structure controlling blood sugar levels with the hormones insulin and glucagon
338
Parathyroid Gland
Small round bodies located on posterior side of thyroid gland and imbedded in the connective tissue surrounding it. Usually there are four. They regulated calcium and phosphorus metabolism
339
Pituitary Gland
A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain, the pituitary is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands.
340
Thymus Gland
a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system. The human thymus becomes much smaller at the approach of puberty.
341
Thyroid Gland
Regulates metabolism and serum calcium levels through secretion of thyroid hormone and calcitonin respectively. Located in the neck just below the thyroid cartilage of the trachea
342
Diabetes
Disorder of glucose metabolism. Type 1 pancreas failure to produced insulin, Type 2 resistance to insulin
343
Endocrinologist
Physician specializing in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the endocrine system
344
Euthyroid
Normal thyroid gland activity
345
Glandular
Pertaining to the gland
346
Hyperkalemia
Excessive potassium in blood
347
Hyperthyroidism
Excessive secretion of the thyroid hormone
348
Hypothyroidism
Deficient secretion of thyroid hormone
349
Insulin
Hormone secreted by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of pancreas which regulates energy and glucose metabolism. Used in management of diabetes
350
Parathyroid
Glands located behind the thyroid gland
351
Thymitis
Inflammation of the thymus gland
352
Thyroiditis
Inflammation of the thyroid gland
353
Thyrotoxicosis
Condition caused by excess thyroid hormone, often due to hyperactivity of the thyroid gland
354
Hematologic (hemic) System
Involves blood
355
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells. RBCs. Delivers oxygen to body
356
Leukocytes
White Blood Cells. WBCs. Primary defense against infection. here are several types, all amoeboid cells with a nucleus, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
357
Thrombocytes
Platelets. Form clusters to plug small holes in blood vessels.
358
Neutrophils
Body's main defense against infection and antigens
359
Lympocytes
Protect body from viral infections
360
Monocytes
Fight severe infections and are body's second line of defense against infection.
361
Erythropathy
Disease of red blood cells
362
Hematocrit
Blood test that measures the red blood cell volume by centrifuge a technique that separates the plasma and the blood cells
363
Hematologist
Physician specializing in the study of bloos disorders
364
Hemoglobin
The red respiratory protein of RBCs; transports oxygen to the tissue
365
Hemolysis
Destruction of red blood cells
366
Hemostasis
Control of bleeding
367
Hypercalcemia
Excessive calcium in the blood
368
Hyperglycemia
Excessive sugar in the blood
369
Hyperlipemia
Excessive fat in the blood
370
Leukemia
Overproduction of leukocytes resulting in a malignant, acute or chronic disease
371
Mononucleosis
Disease of excessive mononuclear leukocytes in the blood due to infection with the Epstein Barr virus
372
Polycythemia
Abnormal increase in the blood cells
373
Speticemia
Pathogenic bacteria present in the blood
