Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

neuro exam 3 > introduction to auditory > Flashcards

introduction to auditory Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is sound

A

pressure chg through a medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

wha tis the speed of sound in air

A

340 m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pure tone

A

sound can be dipicted as a sinusoidal wave.
- increase pressure followed by decresaes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

amplitude

A

or “sound level” or “sound intensity”, expressed on a logarithmic scale in
decibels (dB) sound pressure level (SPL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

frequency

A

related to pitch; expressed in Hertz (Hz, cycles per second)
- 400 Hz = 400 cycles/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

phase

A

this is mostly ignored by human hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

timbre

A

the harmonic content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

physics of sound
- how can we chg the amplitude or frequency of sound

A

depending on how much vibration induced by the tuning fork we chan chg the amplitude or frequency
- more movement = more frequency of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the parts of the outer ear

A

pinnia
auditory canal
tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pinnia

A

localize sound
- function diminished in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

auditory canal

A

filled with air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tympanic membrane

A

communicates with the middle ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

inner ear

A
  • sensory organs are located here
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

middle ear

A

contains 3 ossicles that transmit sound from outer ear to inner and amplify sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ossicular chain

A
  • malleus rests on tympanic membrane and moves with the vibrations of the tympanic membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is Impendance matching ( middle ear)
- what is the movement ratio between the stapes and the malleus

A

transmits air vibrations into fluid vibrations
-Movement ratio of 1 : 1.3 (more movement at the stapes than on the malleus)
Amount of pressure on oval window is greater than at the tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Impendance matching :
how does the tynpanic membrane compare to the oval window? what does this do

A

Tympanic membrane is larger than oval window by ca. a factor of 18.6, which
increases sound wave pressure by ~15 times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

impendance matching

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

inner ear filled with fluid

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is middle ear important in dentistry

A

communicates with oral cavity bc infections in the oral cavity can be communicated to the ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the cochlea ( inner ear)

A

spiral structure, made of bone
- inside there are 3 compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the 3 compartments of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli - communicates with oval window
- scala tympani - communicates with middle ear via round window ( pressure releaser)
- cochlear partition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how can changes of a sound be produced in the cochlea

A
  • ## stapes appliespressure to oval window which is transmitted into the cohclea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The place theory for frequency encoding in the cochlea

A
  • different frequencies induce vibrations i. different locations in the cochlear partition
  • high frequency near the base
  • low frequency near the apex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The organ of corti
innervated by CN VIII
26
what is mechanotransdcution - how does this occur
translating mechanincal stimulus to action potetntials - by the inner hair cells ( contain cilia
27
what are the inner hair cells innervated by
CN VIII
28
what happens to kinocilium
disapears in adults
29
what keeps the stereocilia together
the ankle links - tip links lateral links
30
play a role in transduction bc thye are anchored by a stretch receptor that can be opened or closed depending on how the mebrane is stretched - if the tip link is stretched it opens the channel and allows ions to enter thte cilia and thus hair cell which depolarizes the cell which is a part of the mechanotransduction process
31
mechanotransduction
image of pathway that wasnt on the power point, you took ohoto add
32
how do hair cells go back to regular mebrane potential
- no more K entering - volatage gated ca channels close cell becomes hyperpolarized
33
endolymph vs perilymph
- endo - had high K and low na channels peri - has low K and high Na channels - this allows for diffusion down a gradient
34
Each auditory nerve fiber responds to a narrow range of frequencies - what happens to place theory
- in response to realease in gltamate the afferent cells depolarize - each auditory fiber
35
36
what do the outer hair cells do in the cochlea
OHC use stretch receptors associated with the stereocilia at their tips to sense vibrations and convert them to electrical currents. - But only in outer hair cells are these currents used to control length changes which parallel, and reinforce, the incoming mechanical vibration.
37
what do inner hair cells do in comparison to OHCs
The inner hair cells send the auditory signal to the auditory nerve, but the outer hair cells modulate the response.
38
otoacoustic emmsions OAE
- is used to test for hearing in babies - they are produced by the movembet of outer hair cells in response to sounds
39
ascending auditory pathway
- cochlear nuclus >> superior olivary nucleus>> inferior collliculus>>medial geniculate nucleyus>> auditory cortex
40
cortical tonotopy
41
Cortical representation of sound intensities
different nuerons respond differently to sounds with diff amplitude
42
Experience-dependent development of tonotopic maps
- tonotopic map in auditory complex is platic - during development it changes with experience - on the left the blue is low freq and red is high ( smooth destributions ) - on the right you see more green whcih means that when young they heard sounds at this frequnecy more so there are more in adult
43
what is the lowest detectable sound? - what is the amplitude of speech - what amplitude does the ear get damaged
-0 dB SPL=10-16watts/cm2 - 60 dB SPL - 140 dB SPL
44
what is the difference between the faintest and loudest humans can hear.
120dB, and the sensitivity is about 1dB SPL
45
Humans can detect 0dB SPL sounds at 3kHz, but require 40dBSPL sounds at 100Hz
46
what happens with mild , moderate , and severe hearing loss
47
what is presbycusis
hearing loss as you age
48
which sounds do you lose first
high fequency
49
what is the range of frequency we can detect
Range between 20 Hz to 20kHz, on average
50
what sound frequency are we most sesnistive to? why
Far more sensitive to sounds between 1 - 4kHz - we use this for speech
51
what sounds can humans discriminate
Humans can discriminate two sounds that differ by 0.3% at 3kHz, but require at least 3% difference at 100Hz
52
what is the auditory brain stem response
- measuring resposes above the brainstem
53
human hearing: location and direction: what os the angular ( direction) discrimination in humans
angular (direction) discrimination: humans can discriminate two sound sources that are located as little as 3 degrees apart
54
how does binaural hearing work
- acts in 2 ways - For sounds above 1kHz, the head strongly shadows the sound, making it weaker for the distal ear - - For sounds below 1kHz, human hearing relies on time and level differences between the arrival to the proximal vs distal ear
55
head shadow
56
duplex theory of sound localization
Interaural Time Differences (ITDs) dominate sound localization at low frequencies Interaural Level Differences (ILDs) dominate sound localization at high frequencie
57
how do we know when a sound is infront
- same response in both ears
58
how do we know if sound is 90 degrees away
- here sound more in the right ear
59
interaural level differences
60
sound localization in rooms
In a everyday rooms, the sound energy reaching the ears consist of * sound travelling on a direct path from the source, and * reverberant energy (sound reflected off surfaces). We are normally not aware of reverberation, although it does influence subjective sound quality.
61
echo suppresion - what are the time reigons
1) Summing localization (< 1 ms delay): two events fused: perceived location is a weighted sum of the two. 2) Precedence effect (ca. 1-5 ms delay): Only one sound perceived: direction of first sound dominant. 3) Echo threshold (> 5 ms delay): Two sounds heard. ( echo)
62
what are the 2 types of deafness
- conduction - something in periophery is affectd like the ear drum or tympanic membreane - sensorineural deafeness
63
what is incleuded in conduction deafness
- punctured ear drum - otitis media - otosclerosis
64
what is incleded in sensorineural deafness
- rebulla - degenreation of inner hair cells - professional deafness ( exposure to loud sounds) - prebycusis
65
rinnies test
- bone condution: put vibration on skull to rely on bone transimition to cochlea - if they dont hear then its conduction hearing loss - air conduction: put vibration fork next to ear in the air - dont hear = sensory hearinf loss
66

neuro exam 3 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions