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neuro exam 3 > reticular formation > Flashcards

reticular formation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the charecteristics of the functions of the reticular formation

A

 Tasks involve nervous system as a
whole
 Functions are integrative

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2
Q

intergrative fucntions of the reticular formation

A

 Sleep, wakefulness, alertness, consciousness
 Coordination of visceral functions
(homeostasis)
 Responses to pain; pain modulation
 Body posture
 Mental stat

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3
Q

what is the defintion of the reticular formation

A

 Defined as the gray matter that composes the
core of the brain stem (excluding cranial nerve
nuclei and ascending and descending tracts)

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4
Q

what does the RF consist of

A

 Consists of networks of branched neurons

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5
Q

reticu.ar foramtion is related to ___ ____ ____ ____ in the nervous system

A

so many other parts

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6
Q

how are the nuclei of the RF defined histologically

A

not as well defined as other nuclei

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7
Q

what are the afferetn connections of the RF

A

 All sensory systems (not specific)
 Many other areas

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8
Q

efferent connections of the RF

A
  • widespread
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9
Q

RF has a ____ function

A

intergrative

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10
Q

where is RF located in the brain

A

gray matter in core of brainstem

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11
Q

what size cells does the RF have
- what is the organixation of the dendritic web

A

 Large and small cells
 Dendritic web of large cells is oriented
perpendicular to axis of brain stem

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12
Q

what are the charecteristics of the axons of the RF?
- where do they travel
- how many branches?
- how many synaptic connections

A
  • Output neurons have long axons. -
  • The axons ascend all the way to the cortex, or descend to the spinal cord.
  • They’re wide
    spread and have numerous collaterals (branches) along the way.
  • These axons make a huge number of synaptic connections, and so there are many pathways throughout the body.
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13
Q

what are orientation of of these dendrites

A
  • axons are traverse ( perpenducular) to the long axis of the brainstem
  • RF axons/dendrites are picking up info from ascending and descending tracts
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14
Q

Serotonergic pathways

A
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15
Q

raphe nuclei
- location
- what do they produce
- where do efferent branches reach
- do they have topographic organization ?

A

 Midline of medulla, pons, midbrain
 Serotonergic
 Efferent branches reach many parts
of nervous system including spinal
cord
 Little topographic arrangement

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16
Q

noradrenergic pathways

A

locus coerulus is located in the causal midbrain and sends projections all over the brain

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17
Q

locus coeruleus
- location
- what does it release
- where fo effernt branches reach
- waht is the arrangement

A

 Near mesencephalic V, under
superior cerebellar peduncle
 Noradrenergic
 Efferent branches reach many parts
of nervous system
 Little topographic arrangement

18
Q

dopaminenergic pathway
- what releases dopamine

A
  • substantia nigra and tegmentum release dopamine
  • they project muptiple places in the brain
19
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A
  • sleep conciousnes
  • important in understadning sleep and wakefullness
  • electrodes record electrical activity og the brain
  • pick up corticol actvity and the electrical filter out spikes so youre left with the synaptiv activity of the brain
20
Q

categories of the EEG waves

A

beta waves - awake state when the cortex is bust
alpha waves - if you close eyes and relax you get alpha waves
theta waves- falling asleep
Delta- deep sleep

21
Q

realtionship of EEG frequency waves

A
  • as you fall asleep you get higher amplitude slow frequency and more sychronixationtion and high voltage
  • when you are awake they are high frequency and desychranized with low voltage
22
Q

EEG waves during sleep and
wakefulness

A

 Awake state- high frequency, low
amplitude
 Sleep state- low frequency, high
amplitude (synchronized)

23
Q

rapid eye movement / REM sleep

A

-a few times during the nigh you go from sychrnized to desycronized and “wake up”
- as it becomes desychrnoized you get REM sleep and dream
-

24
Q

how deoes REM sleep look like in a EEG

A

desychronized as if youre awake

25
Q

reticular acitivating system

A

wakes up the brain by going through the thalmus
- there aslo other passages that go through the hypothalmus

26
Q

what is Arousal

A

Reticular network receives
collateral inputs from all
ascending sensory pathways

27
Q

what happens when there are lesions to th RF

A

Lesions of reticular formation
(upper brain stem) result in coma

28
Q

what can coma also be the result of

A

Coma can also be the result of
extensive thalamic or cortical
damage

29
Q

sleep inducing system :
where fo arousal system originiate from
- what does sleepromoting neuronsdo to the hypothalmus
- what does the mutual inihibition produce

A

 Ascending arousal system
originates in pons
 Sleep promoting neurons in
hypothalamus inhibit the arousal
areas
 Mutual inhibition produces a flipflop switch

30
Q

what do the pontine RF contain

A

 Pontine reticular formation
contains neurons that generate
REM sleep

31
Q

other uses of EEG

A

 Detecting and localizing seizures
 Identifying brain dea

32
Q

where are the reticulospinal tracts

A
33
Q

what do the reticulospinal tracts act on
- how does it effect soindles

A
  • act mainly on extensors and gamma motor neurons
  • Controls sensitivity of spindles
34
Q

gamma motor system

A

Gamma motor system: gamma motor neuron (blue star, Ay) goes to polar ends of spindle, increases spindle stretch, makes
whole reflex more sensitive.

35
Q

Control of the ANS

A

RF sends descending pathways down to the spinal cord to the intermediolateral cell column and influence sympathetic activity
or autonomic activity in general

36
Q

cardiac and vascular centers

A

Medulla controls BP and respiration

37
Q

respiratiory centrs

A

in the medulla that controls rate of breathing
lesions can cause death bc cant breathe

38
Q

Other autonomic centers of the
medullary and pontine reticular
formation

A

 Swallowing
 Vomiting
 Gagging
 Coughing
 Sneezing
 Shivering
 Micturition
 Crying

39
Q

Pain modulation:
spinoreticular tract

A
  • other projections that go the RF instead of the VPK
    and oroject to nonspecifc nuceli of the thalmus
  • this sense of pain is not as precise
40
Q

pain modulation
What is the source in the rf that is responsible for this

A
  • periaquaductal gray is a source of descedning patheay to the RF and inhibit pain impulses from periphery

Periaquaductul gray is a source of a descending pathway to the raphie nuclei which secrete serotonin and inhibit pain

41
Q

reactions to noxius stimuli

A

 Reflexes (e.g., jaw opening)
 Vocalization
 Sweating
 Pupillary dilation
 Heart rate increase
 Blood pressure changes
 Behavioral changes

42
Q

mood disorders:
monoamine hypothesis of depression

A
  • mono aminie nuclei ascend projections to the cortex and transmitters affect mood

neuro exam 3 (10 decks)

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