Introduction To Behavior Modification

Question 1

What is behavior?

Answer 1

An action, either overt or covert, that is measurable, observable, and in response to a stimulus

Question 2

What is a response?

Answer 2

An instance of a behavior

Question 3

What is a response class?

Answer 3

A group of behaviors will produce the same consequence.

Question 4

What is a repertoire?

Answer 4

The collection of all behaviours a person can perform

Question 5

What is the Dead Man’s Test?

Answer 5

A maxim in which asserts that nothing a deceased person can do qualifies as behavior.

Question 6

What is a behavioral excess?

Answer 6

An undesirable behavior that someone wishes to decrease

Question 7

What is a target behavior?

Answer 7

A behavior that will be subject to modification

Question 8

What is a behavioral goal?

Answer 8

Intended change to the target behavior.

Question 9

What is an outcome goal?

Answer 9

The motivation behind the behavioral goal; abstract result that one wishes to attain. Often socially significant, and/or related to client’s well being.

Question 10

What is a behavioural deficit?

Answer 10

A desirable behaviour that someone wishes to increase

Question 11

What is behaviour modification?

Answer 11

The science and practice of analyzing and modifying behaviour

Question 12

What is behaviourism?

Answer 12

The guiding philosophy behind behaviour modification, and the science of behaviour

Question 13

What is experimental analysis of behaviour (EAB)?

Answer 13

Basic study of behaviour and its functional relationship with the environment

Question 14

What does the text mean when it states that behaviour is “lawful”? (Miltenberger, 2016).

Answer 14

It has a direct and functional relationship with the environment, and can be systematically influenced by environmental events

Question 15

What is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?

Answer 15

Using knowledge about human behavior to reduce socially undesirable behaviors and/or increase desirable ones

Question 16

Who discovered respondent conditioning (the conditioning of a reflex to a neutral stimulus)?

Answer 16

Pavlov

Question 17

What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?

Answer 17

A behaviour that produces a desirable effect on the environment is more likely to be repeated.

Question 18

What is methodological behaviourism, and to whom is it attributable?

Answer 18

The study of external behaviour alone, with no interest paid to internal or mental events. Watson.

Question 19

What is radical behaviourism, and to whom is it attributable?

Answer 19

The study of both overt (external) behaviours, and covert (internal) behaviours. Skinner.

Question 20

What is the S-R-S model / Three-Term Contingency / ABCs of behaviour?

Answer 20

Antecedent stimulus –> Behaviour –> Consequence

Question 21

Who developed the concept of operant conditioning?

Answer 21

Skinner

Question 22

Why is the Behaviour Research and Therapy journal important?

Answer 22

First scientific journal dedicated to behaviourism (1963)

Question 23

Why is “Case Studies in Behaviour Modification” by Ullman and Krasner important?

Answer 23

First book ever published to have “behaviour modification” in the title (1965)

Question 24

Why is the Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis important?

Answer 24

First journal dedicated to ABA (1968)

Question 25

What is the Screening) or intake phase)?

Answer 25

The phase to obtain client demographic information, and reasons for seeking assistance

Question 26

What is the Preprogram Assessment Phase (or Baseline Phase)?

Answer 26

The phase to define and measure initial "baseline" level for behavior

Question 27

What is the Treatment Phase?

Answer 27

The phase to actively apply training, intervention, or treatment program

Question 28

What is frequency?

Answer 28

The number of responses in a given period of time

Question 29

What is duration?

Answer 29

The length of a behavior

Question 30

What is latency?

Answer 30

The time between an antecedent stimulus or event, and the onset of a behavior

Question 31

What is intensity?

Answer 31

It assesses the strength of behavior, often with a rating scale

Question 32

What is quality?

Answer 32

Often arbitrary judgement of social value, and may use a rating scale

Question 33

What is an Operational Definition?

Answer 33

A precise, objective definition of a term by specifying the operations the researcher or made to measure it

Question 34

What is a natural setting of behavior observation?

Answer 34

Setting that is part of the client's everyday life, in which the behavior typically occurs

Question 35

What is an analogue setting of behavior observation?

Answer 35

Setting that is simulated and controlled, and made to mimic a natural setting for the purpose of observing behavior

Question 36

What is unstructured observation?

Answer 36

When the observer observes behaviour without presenting any events, activities, or instructions

Question 37

What is reactivity?

Answer 37

When a behavior changes due to the fact that it's being observed and recorded.

Question 38

What are two ways that reactivity can be reduced?

Answer 38

1) Allowing the client time to become accustomed to the observation 2) Observing the behavior when the client doesn't know they're being observed

Question 39

What is unstructured observation?

Answer 39

When the observer observes behavior without presenting any events, activities, or instructions

Question 40

What is structured observation?

Answer 40

When the observer presents certain instructions, events, or activities to observe the behavior in those contexts

Question 41

What is continuous recording?

Answer 41

Recording every instance of behavior throughout the observation period.

Question 42

What is partial-interval recording?

Answer 42

Dividing an observation period into successive intervals, and recording whether or not a behavior takes place in each interval.

Question 43

What is whole interval-recording?

Answer 43

Dividing an observation period into successive intervals, and only counting a behavior if it endured throughout the entire interval.

Question 44

What is time sample recording?

Answer 44

Dividing the observation period into intervals of time, but only recording the behavior during part of each interval

Question 45

What is inter-observer agreement / inter-observer reliability?

Answer 45

The rate at which two trained observers, based on the same behavioral definition, will agree whether a behavior occurred or not. A strong behavioral definition will have high IOA / IOR (>90%)

Question 46

True or false: behaviour modification also uses theoretical constructs like personality traits to understand behaviour

Answer 46

False

Question 47

True or false: internal states and incentives, (such as sadness, hunger, etc), are important considerations in behavior modification, and are acceptable to include in a behavioral definition

Answer 47

False