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CHEM233 Lec > Introduction to Biochemistry > Flashcards

Introduction to Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biochemistry?

A

is the application of chemistry to the
study of biological processes at the cellular and
molecular level.

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2
Q

(basic structural units of living organisms) are highly organized and
constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state.

A

Cells

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3
Q

All organisms use the same type of molecules

A

carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids & nucleic acids

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4
Q

Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism
are encoded in their

A

DNA

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5
Q

Basic building blocks of life

A

Cells

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6
Q

Smallest living unit of an organism

A

Cells

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7
Q

Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their
environment change

A

Cells

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8
Q

Many cannot be seen with the naked eye

A

Cells

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9
Q

may be an entire organism or it may be one of billions
of cells that make up the organism

A

Cells

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10
Q

include bacteria & lack a nucleus
or membrane-bound structures called
organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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11
Q

include most other cells & have a
nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
(plants, fungi, & animals)

A

Eukaryotes

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12
Q

The organisms made of prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes e.g. bacteria and
cyanobacteria.

A

Prokaryotic Cell

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13
Q

These cells lack a membrane bound nucleus.

A

Prokaryotic Cell

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14
Q

The hereditary material (DNA) is found in cytoplasm.

A

Prokaryotic Cell

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15
Q

These cells lack membrane bound organelles.

A

Prokaryotic Cell

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16
Q

Ribosome’s are of small size in and freely scattered cytoplasm.

A

Prokaryotic Cell

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17
Q

Cellulose is absent in cell wall, rather it is made up of peptido-glycan or murrain.

A

Prokaryotic Cell

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18
Q

These cells are simple and of smaller size (average diameter 0.5 – 10 nm)

A

Prokaryotic Cell

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19
Q

The organisms made of Eukaryotic cells are called Eukaryotes, e.g. animals, plants
fungi and protista.

A

Eukaryotic Cell

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20
Q

These cells have a membrane bound nucleus; and hereditary material is found
inside the nucleus.

A

Eukaryotic Cell

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21
Q

These cells have membrane bound organelles.

A

Eukaryotic Cell

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22
Q

Ribosome’s are of large size and are present in endoplasmic reticulum free in
cytoplasm.

A

Eukaryotic Cell

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23
Q

Cellulose is present in cell wall of plant cells. The cell wall of most of fungi is
composed of chitin.

A

Eukaryotic Cell

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24
Q

These cells are complex and of larger size (Average diameter 10-100nm).

A

Eukaryotic Cell

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25
Q

Two major breakthroughs

A

❖ Enzymes as catalysts
❖ Nucleic acids as information-carrying molecules

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26
Q

The Chemical Elements of Life
97%:

A

C, H, O, N, P, S

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27
Q

The Chemical Elements of Life
3%:

A

23 other Elements:
Na
MG
K
Ca
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
As
Se
B
F
Al
Si
Cl
Mo
Sn
I

28
Q

Organic Compounds

A
  • Alcohol
  • Aldehyde
  • Ketone
  • Carboxylic Acid
  • Thiol
  • Amines (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)
29
Q

R-OH

A

Alcohol

30
Q

R-C(↑O)-H

A

Aldehyde

31
Q

R-C(↑O)-R1

A

Ketone

32
Q

R-C(↑O)-OH

A

Carboxylic Acid

33
Q

R-SH

A

Thiol

34
Q

R-NH2

A

Primary Amines

35
Q

R-NH(↑R1)

A

Secondary Amines

36
Q

R-N(↑R1)-R2

A

Tertiary Amines

37
Q

Functional Groups

A
  • Hydroxyl
  • Acyl
  • Carbonyl
  • Carboxylate
  • Sulfhydryl
  • Amino
  • Phosphate
  • Phosphoryl
38
Q

-OH

A

Hydroxyl

39
Q

-C(↑O)-R

A

Acyl

40
Q

-C(↑=O)-

A

Carbonyl

41
Q

-C(↑=O)-O

A

Carboxylate

42
Q

-SH

A

Sulfhydryl

43
Q

-NH2 or -NH3

A

Amino

44
Q

-O-P(↑=O)(↓-O)-O

A

Phosphate

45
Q

-P(↑=O)(↓-O)-O

A

Phosphoryl

46
Q

Linkages in Biochemical Compounds

A
  • Ester
  • Ether
  • Amide
  • Phosphate Ester
  • Phosphoanhydride
47
Q

-C(↑-)(↓-)-O-C(↑=O)-

A

Ester

48
Q

-C(↑-)(↓-)-O-C(↑-)(↓-)-

A

Ether

49
Q

-N(↓-)-C(↑=O)-

A

Amide

50
Q

-C(↑-)(↓-)-O-P(↑=O)(↓-O)-O

A

Phosphate Ester

51
Q

-O-P(↑=O)(↓-O)-O-P(↑=O)(↓-O)-O-

A

Phosphoanhydride

52
Q

Cells link monomers by (removing a molecule of water)

A

dehydration process

53
Q

Cells break down
macromolecules by a
process called (adding a
molecule of water)

A

hydrolysis

54
Q

is a substance or
material consisting of very large
molecules called
macromolecules, composed of
many repeating subunits.

A

polymer

55
Q

total sum of the chemical reaction happening in a
living organism (highly coordinated and purposeful activity)

A

Metabolism

56
Q

energy requiring biosynthetic pathways

A

Anabolism

57
Q

degradation of fuel molecules and the production of
energy for cellular function

A

Catabolism

58
Q

All reactions are catalyzed by

A

enzymes

59
Q

All reactions are catalyzed by

A

enzymes

60
Q

The primary functions of metabolism are:

A

a. acquisition & utilization of energy
b. Synthesis of molecules needed for cell structure and
functioning (i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, & CHO
c. Removal of waste products

61
Q

One atom of group substituted for another

A

Nucleophilic Substitution

62
Q

Double bond is formed when atoms in a molecule is removed

A

Elimination Reactions

63
Q

Two molecules combine to form a single product.

A

Addition Reactions:

64
Q

Water added to alkene > alcohol (common addition rxn)

A

Hydration Reactions

65
Q

Involve intramolecular shift of atoms or groups

A

Isomerization Reactions

66
Q

Occur when there is a transfer of e- from a donor to
an electron acceptor

A

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) Reactions

67
Q

Cleavage of double bond by water

A

Hydrolysis reactions

CHEM233 Lec (12 decks)

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