introduction to biostatistics

Question 1

what is biostatistics?

Answer 1

data that is analyzed, and is obtained from biological sciences and medicine

Question 2

what is data?

Answer 2

raw material of statistics, defined as figures

Question 3

where can figures be obtained from?

Answer 3

1- from the process of counting
2- from the process of measurment

Question 4

what do statisticians do?

Answer 4

attempt to interpert as well as share results with others

Question 5

what are the sources of data?

Answer 5

1 routinely kept records
2- survey[census]
3- experiments
4- external resources

Question 6

describe routinely kept records, as a source of data

Answer 6

these are the records which hopsitals keep day to day such as medical records or financial records

Question 7

describe survey[census], as a source of data

Answer 7

source of data is a survey when the data required is about answering questions

Question 8

describe survey[census], as a source of data

Answer 8

source of data is a survey when the data required is about answering questions

Question 9

what are the methods of collecting data for survey?

Answer 9

interview
mailing
telephone

Question 10

describe experiments, as a source of data

Answer 10

data needed to answer the question can only be found through an experiment

Question 11

describe experiments, as a source of data

Answer 11

data needed to answer the question can only be found through an experiment

Question 12

what are the reasons for experiment?

Answer 12

1- make a discovery
2- test a hypothesis
3- demonstrate a known fact

Question 13

what is an experimental research?

Answer 13

a true research, in which one variable is manipulated and the rest of the variables are controlled

Question 14

describe external source, as a source of data

Answer 14

data needed to answer a question already exsists

Question 15

in which source of data, did someone already ask the same question and so the data already exsists?

Answer 15

external source of data

Question 16

what are the types of data?

Answer 16

primary data
secondary data

Question 17

what are the types of data?

Answer 17

primary data
secondary data

Question 18

define primary data

Answer 18

this is a type of data, where it is collected by the investigator themselves, for a specific purpose

Question 19

define secondary data

Answer 19

this is a type of data that is collected by someone else for some purpose, and utilized by the investigator for another purpose

Question 20

what is a variable?

Answer 20

characteristic that takes on different values, in different person,places and things

Question 21

what are the types of variable?

Answer 21

1- quantitative variable
2- qualitative variable

Question 22

define quantitative variable

Answer 22

a variable that can be measured in the usual senses

Question 23

what are examples of quantitative variable

Answer 23

1-height
2- weight

Question 24

what are the types of quantitative variables?

Answer 24

1- discrete variable
2- continuous variable

Question 25

define discrete variable

Answer 25

discrete variable is characterized by gaps or interuptions in the values that it can assume

Question 26

define continuous variable

Answer 26

continuous variable is characterized by how any value can be assumed within a specific relevant interval of values assumed by the variable

Question 27

what are examples of continuous and discrete variable?

Answer 27

discrete- number of daily admission to the hospital continuous- height, weight, skull circumference

Question 28

define qualitative variable

Answer 28

many characteristics are not capable of being measured, only can be ranked or ordered

Question 28

define qualitative variable

Answer 28

many characteristics are not capable of being measured, only can be ranked or ordered

Question 29

what are the types of qualitative variables?

Answer 29

1-nominal variable 2- ordinal variable

Question 30

define nominal variable

Answer 30

the data is unordered

Question 31

define ordinal variable

Answer 31

the data are ordered

Question 32

what are examples of nominal and ordinal variables?

Answer 32

nominal- gender,blood group,eye color ordianl- age, pain level,income status

Question 33

how can varaibles be manipulated?

Answer 33

1- continuous variable made discrete 2- continous or discrete varaibles are categorized 3- categoreical variables are re-catergorized

Question 33

how can varaibles be manipulated?

Answer 33

1- continuous variable made discrete 2- continous or discrete varaibles are categorized 3- categoreical variables are re-catergorized

Question 34

what is the classification of variables?

Answer 34

1- dichotomous variable 2- attribute variable/background 3- independent and dependent variable 4- extraneous variable

Question 35

what is a dichotomous variable?

Answer 35

a variable which varies in only 2 values

Question 36

what is a attribute variable/background?

Answer 36

a variable which is a pre-existing characteristic such as age and sex, therefore the researcher simply observes and measures

Question 37

what is an independent and dependent variable?

Answer 37

independent-causes or influences the dependent variable dependent variable- influenced by the independent value

Question 38

what is an extraneous variable [ confounding]

Answer 38

a variable that confounds/interupts the relationships between IV and DV

Question 39

What needs to be done to the extraneous/confounding variable?

Answer 39

it needs to be controlled

Question 40

what is a sample?

Answer 40

a set of variable value of some indivuduals sampled from the population at random

Question 41

what is a population?

Answer 41

largest collection of values of a random variable for which we have an interest at a particular time

Question 42

define parameter

Answer 42

summary data from a population

Question 43

define statistics

Answer 43

summary data from a sample

Question 44

what is the reason to know about statistics?

Answer 44

1- medicine is becoming quantitative 2- planning, conduct and interpretation of much medical research relies on statistical methodology 3- statistics passes through the medical literatures

Question 44

what is the reason to know about statistics?

Answer 44

1- medicine is becoming quantitative 2- planning, conduct and interpretation of much medical research relies on statistical methodology

Question 45

what is the role of clinical medicine?

Answer 45

1- documentation of medical history of disease 2- planning and conduction of clinical studies 3- evaluating the merits of different procedures 4- providing methods for definition of normal and abnormal

Question 46

what is the role of preventive medicine?

Answer 46

1- provide the number of any health problem in the community 2-find basic factors causing poor health 3- evaluation of health programs introduced to communities 4-introduction and promotion of health legislation