Introduction To Brain 2 Flashcards by Fatimah Alhalal

How the basal ganglia is physiologically classified? (7)

Subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
corpus striatum
* coudate nucleus
*lentiform nucleus
“ outer: putamen
“ inner: glubus pallidus

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How the basal ganglia is anatomically classified? (3)

corpus striatum
amygdaloid nucleus
claustrum

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striatum is formed by which two structures?

caudate nucleus

- putamen

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the C-like mass of gray matter is the…

caudate nucleus

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the wedge like mass of gray matter is the …

lentiform nucleus

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what is the function of the basal ganglia?

controls the posture and voluntary muscular movements by modulating the initiation, termination, amplitude and selection of the movements

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mention one pyramidal syndrome

spasticity

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mention one cerebellar disorder

ataxia

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mention two basal ganglia disorders that causes hypokinesia

akinesia

- rigidity

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mention six basal ganglia disorders that causes hyperkinesia

tremor
dystonia
myoclonus
chorea
athetosis
ballismus

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where is the site of the lesion that is causing: 
1- chorea 
2- athetosis 
3- ballismus 
4- parkinsosim

1- striatum
2- globus pallidus
3- subthalamus
4- substantia nigra

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give two examples of syndromes representing chorea

huntington’s

- sydenham’s (following rheumatic fever)

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hemiballismus usually involves what part of the limb?

the proximal part

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athetosis usually involves what part of the limb?

the distal segments

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mention 4 characteristics of Parkinsonism

tremor at rest
rigidity
bradykinesia
postural disturbances

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the central core of the cerebrum is the….

diecephalon

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what is the structure that is reached when the septum pallucidum is ruptured?

lateral ventricle

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diecephalon is consisting of 4 main parts. what are they? and which one is the largest part?

thalamus (the largest)
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
* pineal gland
* habenular nuclei

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the thalamus is a relay station for all sensations except what sensation?

olfaction

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the major thalamic nuclei are…. (8)

anterior nucleus
medial nucleus
pulvinar
ventral anterior
ventral lateral
ventral posterior
medial geniculate body
lateral geniculate body

regarding the medial and lateral ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…

1-
ventral posterior lateral : spinal lamniscus + medial lamniscus
ventral posterior medial: trigeminal lamniscus + gustatory and vestibular pathways

2- both: postcentral gyrus

regarding the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…

1- corpus striatum

2- premotor cortex

the function of the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei is to…

influence the activities of the motor cortex

regarding the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…

1- corpus striatum + cerebellum

2- motor + premotor cortex

regarding the medial geniculate body of the thalamus: 1- the afferents are from... 2- the efferents are to...

1- inferior colliculus | 2- auditory cortex (to superior temporal gyrus)

regarding the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus: 1- the afferents are from... 2- the efferents are to...

1- optic tract | 2- visual cortex of occipital lobe

lesion of the thalamus leads to...

sensory loss

the subthalamus is consisting of what type of matter? and it is considered one of what group of nuclei?

it is consisting of both gray and white matter | it is one of the extrapyramidal motor nuclei

what is the name of the hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland? what its function and when it is more activated?

the name of the hormone is melatonin it regulates the circadian rhythm it is more active at night

what is the pathway taken to supply the pineal gland?

retina --> suprachiasmatic nucleus --> tegmentum of midbrain --> reticulospinal tract --> sympathatic out flow to the thoracic segment --> superior cervical ganglion --> postganglionic nerve fibres travel with blood vessels to the pineal gland

what is the relation between hyperactive and destructive pineal gland tumors and puberty

hyperactive tumors whould cause delayed puberty | destructive tumors whould cause early/ precautious puberty

by which nuclei the ADH and oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus?

ADH: supraoptic nucleus oxytocin: paraventricular nucleus.

what are the functions of the limbic system?

controls the emotions, behaviours and drive + involved in learning and memory

what are the three components of the limbic system?

- limbic lobe - nuclei - bundles

the limbic lobe consists of .... (3)

- subcallosal gyrus - cingulate gyrus - parahyppocampal gyrus and uncus

what are the limbic system nuclei found in the cerebral cortex? (3)

- hippocampal formation - olfactory cortex - septal nucleus

what are the limbic system nuclei found in the diecephalon? (3)

- habenular nuclei of epithalamus - anterior nuclues of thalamus - anterior nuclei and mammillary bodies of hypothalamus

what are the limbic system nuclues found in the brainstem?

brainstem reticular formation

what are the limbic system nuclues found in the basal nuclei?

ventral part of corpus striatum

the other imbic system nuclues not mentioned before in the questions is the....

amygdaloid nucleus

what are the parts of hippocampal formation?

- hippocampus - dentate gyrus - parahippocampal gyrus

what are the functions of: 1- amygdaloid nucleus 2- hippocampus

1- reactions to fear and anger | 2- converts recent memory to long term memory

lesion in the amygdala would cause... (4)

- flattened affect (docile) - decreased excitability - increased sexual activity (sexual perversion) - increased appetite (No disturbance of memory)

lesion in the hippocampus would cause.... (1)

- anterograde amnesia | past memory is intact

list the htpothalamic nuclei (9)

- supraoptic nucleus - suprachiasmatic nucleus - paraventricular nucleus - preoptic and anterior nuclei - posterior and lateral nuclei - anterior hypothalamic nuclei - posterior hypothalamic nuclei - medial hypothalamic nuclei - lateral hypothalamic nuclei

what is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus? and what would happen in case of lesion?

controls circadian rhythm lesion --> insomnia

what is the function of the following hypothalamic nuclei? and what would happen in case of lesion 1- preoptic and anterior nuclei 2- posterior and lateral nuclei

1- controls parasympathetic function lesion: elevated blood pressure + tachycardia 2- controls sympathetic function lesion: lowered blood pressure + bradycardia

what is the function of the following hypothalamic nuclei? and what would happen in case of lesion 1- anterior hypothalamic nuclei 2- posterior hypothalamic nuclei

1- heat dissipation lesion: hyperthermia 2- heat production lesion: hypothermia

what is the function of the following hypothalamic nuclei? and what would happen in case of lesion 1- medial hypothalamic nuclei 2- lateral hypothalamic nuclei

1- satiety centre lesion: obesity 2- hunger and thirst centre lesion: anorexia and absence of thirst