Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain and Behaviour > Introduction to Brain and Behaviour > Flashcards

Introduction to Brain and Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is behavioural neuroscience?

A

the scientific study of how brain activity influences behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give features of Cognitive Neuroscience

A
  • relates to the study of the neural basis of behaviour
  • It bridges the gap between biological sciences and psychology and psychiatry
  • Psychologists have been investigating the details of mental processes without knowing what parts of the brain are involved
  • Understanding the neural basis of a mental process can help distinguish between different theories relating to how that process is performed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is mental representation?

A

the sense in which properties of the outside world (e.g. colours, objects) are copied/ simulated by cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Neural representation?

A

the way in which properties of the outside world manifest themselves in the neural signal (e.g. different spiking rates for different stimuli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who thought mental experiences arose in the heart and who thought they arose in the brain?

A
  • Heart: Aristotle

- Brain: Plato

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the MIND-BRAIN problem?

A

How can a physical (brain/body) give rise to mental experience?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Dualism and who came up with it?

A

mind (eternal) and body (mortal) are separate substances – Renie Descartes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was Renie Descartes theory about how the mind controls the muscles?

A

 He thought the ‘soul’ (the mind) control the movements of the muscles through its influence on the pineal body
 The eyes send visual information to the brain, where it could be examined by the soul. When the soul decided to act, it would tilt the pineal body, which would divert the pressurized fluid (which we now know as CSF) through nerves to the appropriate muscles. And this would make the muscles moves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did Luigi Galvani do?

A

 18th century Italian physiologist found electrical stimulation of frog’s nerve caused contraction of attached muscle
 Ability of muscle to contract and ability of nerve to send a message to muscle were characteristics of the tissues themselves
 Brain did not inflate muscles by directing pressurized fluid/air through the nerve (balloonist theory)
 Galvani’s experiment proved Descartes wrong and prompted others to study nature of message transmitted by nerve and the means by which muscles contracted
 The results of these efforts gave rise to the physiology of behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Dual-aspect theory?

A

mind and body are two levels of explanation of the same thing (e.g. photons: wave-particle duality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is reductionism?

A

mind eventually explained solely in terms of physical/ biological theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do most psychologists deal with and what is this?

A

Most psychologists deal with generalization – type of scientific explanation; a general conclusion based on many observations of similar phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do most physiologists deal with and what is this?

A

Most physiologists deal with reduction – complex phenomena (behaviour) explained in terms of simpler ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who was behavioural neuroscience written by?

A

Written by psychologists who combined experimental methods of psychology with those of physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the split brain surgery?

A

 For patients with frequent and violent epileptic seizures, surgically splitting the corpus callosum was the only relief
 Corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fibres which connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres
 Information can no longer be shared between the two hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is distinctive about the right and left side of the brain?

A
  • The right side of the brain controls limbs on the left half of the body
  • The left side of the brain controls limbs on the right half of the body
  • There is a region of overlap of two visual fields with both halves of the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why does the stimulus need to be presented for 150ms or less when studying split brain patients?

A

 Once the callosum is completely sectioned, information can not be shared between the two hemispheres
 However, eye movements can cause loss of lateralization – therefore the stimulus needed to be presented for 150ms or less (faster than the eye can move from central fixation to the stimulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can you use to ensure the stimuli is presented for less than 150ms?

A

A brief tachistoscopic presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzangia’s first experiment and conclusion?

A

 Procedure:
 The split-brain subject fixates on the dot in the centre of the screen while an image is projected to the left or right visual field. He is asked to identify verbally what he sees
 If the spoon is presented to the right visual field, the subject verbally answers ‘spoon’
 If the spoon is presented to the left visual field the subject verbally answers ‘I see nothing’
 Conclusion:
 When the left hemisphere, which can speak, sees the spoon in the right visual field, the subject responds correctly. When the right hemisphere, which cannot speaks sees the spoon in the left visual field, the subject does not respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzangia’s second experiment on split brain patients?

A

 When the patient is asked to use his left hand to pick out the object shown on the screen to the left visual field (right hemisphere)
 The subject chooses the spoon with his left hand because the right hemisphere sees the spoon and control s the left hand – but the right hemisphere is mute and so can’t speak.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does Anterior/Rostral mean?

A

Front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does Posterior/ Caudal mean?

A

Back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Dorsal mean?

A

Top

24
Q

What does ventral mean?

A

Bottom

25
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Towards the side

26
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Towards the middle

27
Q

What dies Ipsilateral mean?

A

same side

28
Q

What does Contralateral mean?

A

opposite side

29
Q

What is the transverse/frontal plane?

A

right angle to the neuraxis, like cutting a sausage

30
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

parallel to neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground (slicing the brain in half)

31
Q

What is the horizontal plane?

A

parallel to the ground

32
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

33
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves, peripheral ganglia

34
Q

Give features of the brain

A
  • Soft, jellylike structure; weight = 1400g (approx.)
  • Large mass of neurons, glia and other supporting cells
  • The brain accounts for only 2% of body weight
  • different areas of the brain support different function
  • The most protected organ in the body, encased in a tough bony skull and floating in CSF fluid
  • Uses about 20% of the body’s blood supply and consumes 15-30% of the oxygen
  • The human brain contains around 400 miles of blood vessels
35
Q

Give features of the skull

A
  • Tough and bony structure that protects the brain the most

- The large hole (foramen magnum) is for passage of the spinal cord

36
Q

What are the different meninges?

A
  • Dura Mater – touch flexible outermost meninx
  • Arachnoid – middle layer of the meninges. Like a sheet of cellophane that is draped over the brain. It does not dip into the valleys of the brain contour.
  • Pia mater – last layer of the meninges, which adheres to the surface of the brain
37
Q

What are the protection layers of the brain?

A
  • Skin
  • Skull
  • Meninges
     Dura mater
     Arachnoid
     Pia Mater
38
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

space between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater filled with CSF

39
Q

What are ventricles and what are the different types of ventricle?

A
  • Ventricles – a set of hollow chambers within the brain filled with CSF. These include:
     Two lateral ventricles
     Third ventricle
     Cerebral aqueduct (connects third and fourth)
     Fourth ventricle
40
Q

What is the composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Similar to blood plasma composition

41
Q

What is CSF formed by?

A

the choroid plexus

42
Q

What does the CSF do?

A

Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain

43
Q

Where is CSF circulated?

A

in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord

44
Q

What is the total volume of CSF?

A

125-150ml

45
Q

How many time a day does the entire volume of CSF turn over?

A

3 to 4 times per day

46
Q

Describe the circulation of CSF

A
  • Blood vessels secrete CSF in lateral ventricles (choroid plexus)
  • CSF then goes to third ventricle where more CSF is produced
  • CSF goes to the cerebral aqueduct
  • Then to fourth ventricle where more CSF is produced. It then leaves the fourth ventricle
  • Circulates around the spinal cord and then brain – circulating constantly
  • Reabsorption of CSF by arachnoid villi
47
Q

What is Hydrocephalus and how do Neurosurgeon’s fix it?

A
  • CSF cannot circulate around the brain or leave the brain properly and it accumulates in the ventricles, the baby’s head expands
  • Neurosurgeons insert a shunt which will get liquid out of ventricles and drain to abdominal cavity until cerebral aqueduct is completely enlarged
48
Q

What does the largest part of the brain consist of?

A

The largest part of the brain consists of two symmetrical parts called the cerebral hemispheres which receive sensory information from the opposite sides of the body.

49
Q

Where are the parts of the brain responsible for verbal communications located?

A

In the left hemisphere

50
Q

How may a reductionist physiologist explain the movement of a muscle?

A

in terms of the changes in the membranes in muscle cells, the entry of particular chemicals and the interactions among proteins within these cells.

51
Q

What is the doctrine of specific nerve energies and who came up with it?

A
  • although all nerves carry the same basic message we perceive the messages of different nerves in different ways. E.g. light if you saw it through the eyes.
  • Johannes Muller
52
Q

What is experimental albation?

A

removing parts of animals brain and observed their behaviour without it

53
Q

What did Paul Broca do?

A

observed patients with parts of their brains missing. Led him to conclude that a portion of the cerebral cortex on the front part of the left side of the brain performs functions necessary for speech (not quite correct)

54
Q

What is the Neuraxis?

A

an imaginary line drawn through the centre of the length of the nervous system, from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain.

55
Q

How is pressure on the base of the brain diminished?

A

By the brain being completely immersed in liquid - it’s net weight is reduced to about 80g

56
Q

What is the structure of the cerebral aqueduct?

A

It is a long tube

57
Q

Where would you find the choroid plexus?

A

In the lateral ventricles

Brain and Behaviour (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions