Introduction to brain structure and function

Question 1

What are the wrinkles in the brain called

Answer 1

sulci

Question 2

What are the outward folds in the brain called

Answer 2

gyri

Question 3

What are the outermost layers of the brain

Answer 3

Scalp
Periosteum
Bone

Question 4

Whta are the meninges of the brain

Answer 4

Dura mater (outermost)
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater (innermost)

Question 5

What is the Pia mater

Answer 5

tiny delicate membrane which follows all the contours of the brain

Question 6

What is the dura mater

Answer 6

Provides protection. It Is hard

Question 7

What are the three folds or reflections of the dura mater

Answer 7

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli

Question 8

What are the tectorial tumours

Answer 8

INfratentorial (inside the tentorium cerebelli)

Supratentorial (on top of the tentorium cerebelli)

Question 9

Where are the arachnoid granulations located close to and why

Answer 9

Longitudinal fissure (line which divides the two hemispheres)

Because it is close to massive draining vein and their main job is to reabsorb CSF back into venous circulation

Question 10

What is a subarachnoid haemarrhage and what is the issue

Answer 10

Bleed inside arachnoid mater.

Blood accumulates and so the brain is being compressed

Question 11

What is a subdural bleed and what is the issue

Answer 11

Leak in a vein outside the meninges and it is causing compression of the brain downwards

Question 12

What is an epidural bleed and what is an advantage of it

Answer 12

Bleed above the dura

Blood has a way of exiting the brain so there is no compression of the brain

Question 13

What does the falx cerebri do

Answer 13

Separates hemispheres

Question 14

What does the tentorium cerebelli do

Answer 14

Separates cerebellum from occipital lobes

Question 15

What does the falx cerebelli do

Answer 15

Separates cerebellar hemispheres

Question 16

What does the arachnoid mater contain

Answer 16

Blood vessels, cerebral spinal fluid and granulations to drain CSG back into venous system

Question 17

What are the different sulci of the brain on outside

Answer 17

Lateral sulcus (runs from anterior to posterior)

Precentral sulcus

Central sulcus

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 18

What are the different sulci in the medial aspect of the brain

what is an easy way of identifying cingulate sulcus

Answer 18

Cingulate sulcus (runs parallel with the white matter tract).

Perieto-occipital sulcus

Calcarine sulcus

Can identify it using the marginal sulcus which is an upwards curve continuous with the cingulate sulcus

Question 19

What does the central sulcus do

Answer 19

Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

Question 20

What does lateral fissure divide

Answer 20

Temporal lobe from frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Question 21

What does perito-occipital sulcus divide

Answer 21

Parietal lobe from occipital lobe

Question 22

What does the frontal lobe have a role in

Answer 22

Personality
Attention
Motivation
Planning movement

Question 23

What does the parietal lobe have a role in

Answer 23

Integrating sensory info

Language processing

Question 24

What does the temporal lobe have a role in

Answer 24

Memory
Sensory processing
Language comprehension

Question 25

What does the occipital lobe have a role in

Answer 25

Vision

Question 26

What are the 3 parts of brain

Answer 26

Hindbrain MIdbrain Forebrain

Question 27

What is the hindbrain divided into and in turn what parts of the brain do these include

Answer 27

Metecephalon: pons+cerebellum Myelencephalon-medulla oblongata

Question 28

What is the part of the midbrain

Answer 28

Mesencephalon: tectum+ tegmentum+cerebral peduncles

Question 29

What is the forebrain divided into and what doe this include

Answer 29

Diencephalon: thalamus+hypothalamus Telencephalon: basal ganglia and cortex

Question 30

role of cerebellum

Answer 30

balance

Question 31

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem (from bottom to top_

Answer 31

medulla pons Midbrain

Question 32

Where is thalamus located

Answer 32

above the midbrain and it looks like a walnut

Question 33

Where is hippocampus and what does it do

Answer 33

Memory stretches over the thalamus

Question 34

What is the giant white matter in the middle of the brain called

Answer 34

Corpus callosum

Question 35

What are the bumps on the midbrain called when looking at the brain from an inferior aspect

Answer 35

tectum: superior (top 2) and inferior (bottom 2) colliculi Involved in vision and hearing

Question 36

If you look at a transverse section of the midbrain, you can see Mickey Mouse. What are the ears called What is the mouth area called what is the gray matter around the mouth called What is the headband called What are the eyes called

Answer 36

Cerebral peduncles cerebral aqueduct Pariacqueductal gray Substantia nigra (source of dopamine) red nucleus

Question 37

What does medulla have a role in

Answer 37

respiration heart rate vomiting sneezing

Question 38

What does the hippocampus have a role in

Answer 38

Memory and spatial navigation

Question 39

What does the caudate nucleus and putamen (basal ganglia) have a role in

Answer 39

Planning movement, cognition and emotion

Question 40

How does the CSF travel through the ventricular system

Answer 40

From the lateral ventricles (in frontal lobe) Then through inter ventricular foramen into Third Ventricle travels inferiorly to cerebral aqueduct (mickeys mouth) Then goes down to the Fourth ventricle

Question 41

role of CSF

Answer 41

Assists circulating substances, provides cushioning and absorbs shock

Question 42

Where is cSF produced and what does this also act as

Answer 42

Choroid plexus Choroid plexus also acts as a medium of exchange between the extracellular fluid and the blood stream

Question 43

What is the cisterna magna

Answer 43

Its between the brain stem and the cerebellum and its where CSF accumulates sometimes

Question 44

What is the large vein going around the brain

Answer 44

Superior saggiata sinus (in close contact with the arachnoid granulation)

Question 45

What is hydrocephalus When does it normally occur -How do you treat

Answer 45

Accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid (the lateral ventricles would be enlarged in MRI due to build up of CSF) -->Occurs commonly during birth -Receive a shunt which takes CSF out and probably deliver it to the stomach

Question 46

How can you assess CSF and why is it done this way

Answer 46

In the lumbar spine (L3/5) | in subarachnoid space. Less likely to damage Spinal cord because there are loose Cauda equina

Question 47

What arteries supply the anterior aspect of the brain

Answer 47

The two carotid arteries

Question 48

What arteries supply the posterior aspect of the brain

Answer 48

Two vertebral arteries

Question 49

What arteries supply the cerebellum

Answer 49

Inferior posterior cerebellar Inferior anterior cerebellar Superior cerebellar

Question 50

What does the basilar artery supply and what does it look like

Answer 50

Has lots of little branches | Supplies Pons

Question 51

What does posterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 51

Posterior aspect of the temporal lobes Inferior aspect of temporal lobes HIpoccampus Medial aspects of occipital lobes

Question 52

What does the posterior and anterior circulation connect by

Answer 52

Circle of Willis (posterior communicating artery)

Question 53

What is largest artery that comes off the internal carotid artery

Answer 53

Middle cerebral artery

Question 54

What does the middle cerebral artery supply

Answer 54

Portion of frontal lobe | Lateral surface of temporal and parietal lobes

Question 55

What do the lenticular-striate arteries supply

Answer 55

Basal ganglia

Question 56

What vein round along outside of brain

Answer 56

Superior sagittal sinus

Question 57

What does the different l sinuses drain into

Answer 57

Confluence

Question 58

What other sinuses drain into confluence

Answer 58

Inferior sagittal sinus Straight sinus Occipital sinus

Question 59

where does venous drainage go to after draining into confluence

Answer 59

Transverse sinus then sigmoid sinus then external jugular vein

Question 60

What does the blood brain barrier do

Answer 60

Is an interface that ensures the circulatory system blood is kept separate from csf

Question 61

What are blood vessels in the BBB composed of What surrounds the endothelial cells

Answer 61

Endothelial cells which have tight junctions Basement membrane

Question 62

What molecules are allowed to pass in the brain and which aren't

Answer 62

Are: smack molecules like o2, co2, glucose, or select amino acids aren't: pathogens and larger molecules like antibodies

Question 63

What also play a role in maintaining the BBB

Answer 63

Pericytes and astrocytes

Question 64

What do pericytes do

Answer 64

Communicate with endothelial cells and contribute to debris removal In capillaries they control blood flow

Question 65

What do astrocytes do

Answer 65

Stabiliz the blood Brian barrier contain water channels that allow water to enter the brain

Question 66

Where is the interpeduncular cistern

Answer 66

Between the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain

Question 67

Where is the cisterna pontis

Answer 67

Between the pons and the medulla

Question 68

Where is the cisterna magna

Answer 68

Below the cerebellum and medulla

Question 69

Where is an alternative place to obtain CSF if lumbar punctures fail

Answer 69

Cisterna magna

Question 70

Which is the biggest cistern

Answer 70

Cisterna pontis

Question 71

What do the anterior cerebral arteries supply

Answer 71

Corpus callosum | Frontal lobe

Question 72

What do the inferior posterior cerebellar arteries supply

Answer 72

Posterior cerebellum

Question 73

What does the basilar artery supply

Answer 73

Brain stem

Question 74

What does the inferior anterior cerebellar artery supply

Answer 74

anterior cerebellum

Question 75

What does the superior cerebellar arteries supply

Answer 75

Cerebellum