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Pathopharmacology > Introduction to Cancer Part 1 > Flashcards

Introduction to Cancer Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

The uncontrolled division of abnormal cells

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2
Q

Neoplasm

A

An abnormal mass formed from uncontrolled cell division

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3
Q

Two types of neoplasms and explain each one

A

Benign (non-cancerous)

Malignant (cancer)

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4
Q

State the two types of tumours cancer cells can form

A

Solid or Liquid Tumours

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5
Q

Three stages of Neoplasm Evolution

A

Initiation
Promotion
Progression

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6
Q

Five stages of Malignant Transformation

A 
Initial genetic hit
2nd genetic hit
Multiple genetic hits
Invasion
Metastasis
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7
Q

List the five basic characteristics of cancer diseases

A
  1. Genetic transformation of cells to a cancer phenotype
  2. Unregulated cell cycles, forming neoplasms
  3. Angiogenesis and invasion into local tissues/organs
  4. Creation of a tumour microenvironment
  5. Metastasis
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8
Q

Metastasis

A

Spreading of cancer cells from the site of origin

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9
Q

Endogenous risk factors examples for cancer

A

Metabolic by-products (eg cholesterol) Inherited

Age-related

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10
Q

Exogenous risk factor examples for cancer

A

Chemicals
Pathogens
Radiation

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11
Q

Two examples of hereditary predispositions for inherited mutations as risk factors for cancer development

A

APC gene-colon cancer

BRCA1/BRCA2 genes breast cancer

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12
Q

Unmodifiable internal (endogenous) factor

A

Random errors in DNA replication that are not repaired

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13
Q

List the four partially modifiable internal (endogenous) factors

A

Hormones
Metabolic Products- eg cholesterol (altered cell signalling in cell membranes)
Inflammatory Cytokines
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) / Antioxidant Balance

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14
Q

List the three examples of external carcinogens

A

Ionising Radiation (eg X rays and UV light)

Chemicals (eg tar from cigarettes)

Virus Infection- HPV increases risk of cervical cancer

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15
Q

Name the one exemption of cancer cells that do not form solid tumours

A

Blood cancerous cells

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16
Q

In what two ways are cancers often classified?

A

Tissue and cell type of origin

17
Q

How are cancers usually named?

A

By histologic cell type of origin

18
Q

Name the benign and malignant classifications of epithelial cell tumours carcinomas for adeno-gland or gland-like tissue origin

A

Benign= Adenoma

Malignant= Adenocarcinoma

19
Q

Name the benign and malignant classifications of epithelial cell tumours carcinomas for basal or squamous cell (ie skin) origin

A

Benign= Papilloma

Malignant= Basal or squamous carcinoma

20
Q

Name the benign and malignant classifications of epithelial cell tumours carcinomas for melano-pigmented cell (ie skin) origin

A

Benign= Mole

Malignant= Melanoma

Pathopharmacology (7 decks)

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