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Pathopharmacology > Inflammation Part 1 > Flashcards

Inflammation Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What can almost any infection lead to?

A

Sepsis (including viruses such as COVID-19)

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2
Q

List the three layers of defence

A

Physical and Physiological Barriers
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity

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3
Q

List the five components of anatomical barriers

A 
Skin 
Mucous Membranes 
Cilia
Body Temperature
pH
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4
Q

List three examples of mucous membranes

A

Mouth
Nose
Lung

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5
Q

Simple definition of inflammation

A

Body’s response to infection or injury

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6
Q

List three examples that inflammation is stimulated by

A

Pathogens
Toxins
Trauma (eg exercise)

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7
Q

Define purpose of inflammation

What are three examples of this?

A

Respond to stimuli and restore balance (via homeostatic switch)

Eliminate pathogens
Clear out necrotic cells
Initiate tissue repair

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8
Q

List and define the two types of triggers for inflammation

A

External factors called PAMPS (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns)

Internal factors called DAMPS (Damage Associated Molecular Patterns)

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9
Q

List example diseases of chronic inflammation for the following classifications of diseases:

CVD
CNS
Neuromuscular Disorders 
GI Tract 
Bones/Joints Autoinflammatory 
Liver
A

Atherosclerosis; COVID Heart

Alzheimer’s; Multiple Sclerosis

Muscular Dystrophies/Motor Neuron Disease

Crohn’s; Celiac Disease

Osteoathritis; Rheumatoid Athritits; Gout

Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)

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10
Q

List some examples of PAMPS

A

Conserved patterns like bacterial wall fragments- peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide LPS
Lipoteichoic Acid
Manan
Virus (eg viral RNA/DNA)

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11
Q

List two examples of DAMPS

A

HMGB1 (present in COPD, asthma etc)

Intracellular proteins released when plasma membrane is injured or when cell dies (eg necroptosis, pyroptosis)

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12
Q

What is produced as a consequence of PAMPS?

A

Immune system triggers an inflammatory response

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13
Q

What is produced as a consequence of DAMPS?

A

Serious cell damage triggers inflammation

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14
Q

Function of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

A

Recognise PAMPS and DAMPS

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15
Q

What are PRRs?

A

Cell surface receptors on certain leukocytes that activate other cells (eg TLRs) to initate the inflammatory response (ie innate immune system)

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16
Q

State the speed of PRRs

A

Fast response, occurs within minutes to hours

17
Q

Describe the first basic processes of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling pathway

A
  1. Binding of LPS (a specific type of PAMP) to the PRR results in the activation of a signalling pathway
18
Q

Describe the second basic processes of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling pathway

A
  1. The signalling pathway causes the transcription factor NF-kB to enter the nucleus of the eg macrophage
19
Q

Describe the third basic process of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling pathway

A
  1. NF-kB initiates the transcription and eventual secretion of the cytokines IL-8, IL-1, and TNF-alpha
20
Q

Describe the first step of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling simplified

A
  1. TLR activation leads to inactivation of the repressor IkB via phosphorylation
21
Q

Describe the second step of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling simplified

A
  1. IkB degraded via proteosomes
22
Q

Describe the third step of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling simplified

A
  1. NF-kB (heterodimer of p65 and p50) translocates into nucleus and transactivates pro-inflammatory genes
23
Q

State two roles of IL-1 beta/IL-6 in the early stage (acute) of LPS-TLR4-NF-kB signalling pathway

A

Recruite monocytes to inflammation site

Signal to link communication between immune cells

24
Q

Define and describe the process of apoptosis

A

Regulated (programmed) cell death

Via shrinkage and ATP use

25
Q

Define and describe the process of necrosis

A

Unregulated (not programmed) cell death

Via organelle swelling and rupture- no energy required

26
Q

Define and describe the process of necroptosis

A

A regulated form of necrosis when apoptosis is prevented

Process is caspase-independent

27
Q

Describe the process of pyroptosis

A

Process is caspase-dependent

eg Casp-1, 4/5

28
Q

List examples of caspases in apoptosis (for intrinsic or extrinsic pathways)

A

Casp-9
Casp-3/7
Casp-8

Pathopharmacology (7 decks)

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