Internal ridges of myocardium in right atrium auricles

internal ridges in both ventricles

Control flow into great arteries Pulmonary Semilunar Valve b/w right ventricle and pulmonary trunk Aortic Semilunar Valve b/w left ventricle and aorta

Cords conect AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles prevent AV valves from opening when ventricles contract has 2-3 attachments to heart floor distribute physical stress during systole coordinate timing of electrical conduction (insulator) Redundancy

Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium

Introduction to Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Connor Schmidt

Major Divisions of Circulatory System

Pulmonary Circuit
- right side of heart
- Oxygen-poor blood–>Superior/Inferior Venae Cava–>Right Atrium–> Right Ventricle–>Pulmonary Trunk
- Pulmonary trunk then sends oxygen poor blood to lungs for gas exchange
Systemic Circuit
- Left side of heart
- Oxygenated blood leaves the lungs–> Pulmonary Veins–>Left Atrium–>Left ventricle–>Aorta
- Aorta sends oxygenated blood to all tissues/organs
  - Ascending Aorta to:
    - Brachiocephalic
    - Left Common Carotid
    - Subclavian A.
  - Blood to Head and Neck

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Position/ Shape/Landmarks of Heart

Location
- B/w lungs
- in mediastinum
- Periacardium-surrouncs the heart
  - anchors heart to diaphragm, R & L lungs, Mediastinum
- Apex tilts toward left lung
Landmarks
- 2nd intercostal space
  - top of heart
- 5th intercostal space
  - bottom of heart
- Sternum
  - anterior of heart
- Midclavicle line
  - sides of heart
Shape:
- Base top portion
  - large vessels attach (coronary Vessels)
- Apex bottom portion
- Adult: weighs 10 ounces
- Base to apex=5 inches
- 3.5 inches wide
- Always size of fist

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Chambers of the Heart

R/L Atrium
- Receive blood to return to heart
- Auricles
  - on surface
  - enlarge chamber
R/L Ventricles
- Pump blood into ateries

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Atrioventricular sulcus

seperates atrium and ventricles

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Interventricular Sulcus

on top of the interventricular septum
seperates the L & R ventricles

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Sulci

Coronary Arteries pass through

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Interatrial septum

Wall that seperates atria

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Pectinate Muscles

Internal ridges of myocardium
in right atrium auricles

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Interventricular Septum

Muscle
seperates ventricles

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Trabeculae carneae

internal ridges in both ventricles

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Valves (general definition)

ensure one way blood flow through heart

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Atrioventricular Valves (AV)

control blood flow b/w atria and ventricles
Right AV valve
- AKA tricuspid valve
- three cusps
Left AV valve
- Aka Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
- 2 cusps

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Semilunar Valves

Control flow into great arteries
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
- b/w right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic Semilunar Valve
- b/w left ventricle and aorta

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Chordae Tendineae

Cords conect AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles
prevent AV valves from opening when ventricles contract
has 2-3 attachments to heart floor
- distribute physical stress during systole
- coordinate timing of electrical conduction (insulator)
- Redundancy

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Heart Wall: Anatomy

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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Layers of Heart

-including pericardium

Fibrous Skeleton
Pericardium:
- Parietal Pericardium
  - pericardial cavity
- Visceral Pericardium
  - aka Visceral Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Epicardium

Aka visceral pericardium
serous
coronary blood vessels travel through
thick layers of adipose

Fibrous Skeleton

aka Fibrous Pericardium
framework of collagn and elastic fibers
structual support
- Keeps the heart in place
- attachment for cardiac muscle
- anchor valve tissue
electrical insulation b/w atria and ventricles
- important in timing and coordination of contractile activity (systole)

Myocardium

Cardiac muscle
- muscle spirals aropund heart–>produces wringing motion
proportional to workload
Actual muscle of the heart

Endocardium

Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels
- all four chambers
- homologenous to tunica intima of blood vessels
cover valve surfaces
continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

Pericardial Cavity

Fluid filled space
allows heart to move during contraction
prevents friction between pericardium and mediastinum to prevent pericarditis

Sub-endocardium

-histological

has irregular collagen fibers that combine with surrounding collagen fibers of cardiac muscle
contain:
- Thick layer of CT
- Small blood vessels & nerves
- Purkinje fibers

Purkinje fibers

Pacemaker cells
- propagate impulse to cardiac muscle in ventricles
sub-endocardium
larger than cardiac muscle cells
few myofibrils and a lot of glycogen

Vessels

Layers
- Tunica intima
- Tunica media
- Tunica Adventitia
Parallel design
Different function between arteries and veins

Arteries vs Veins - Pressure - Permeability

* Arteries * designed for pressure * more tunica media * Veins * designed for volume * thicker lumen * Pressure: * Large artery\> Medium Artery\> Arteriole\> Capillary\>Venule\> Vein * pressure has to be dimiinshed by the time it reaches capillaries for gas exchange and nutrients * Permeability: * More surface area=more permeability * Capillary=greatest permeability

Microcirculation

* Control of blood flow from heart--\>large artery--\>medium artery--\> arterioles--\>Metarteriole-\>precapillary sphincter--\> capillary-\>Venule-\>veins--\> superior/inferior vena cava--\> heart * Precapillary sphincter * determines when and what is exchanged * Capillary-gas exchange

What happens if the precapillary sphinctor contracts?

* closes gate * deprive tissue of oxygen and nutrient * tissues move from aerobic respiration to anerobic respiration * produce lactic acid and have tingling/numbness in local area

Metarterioles - function - layers

* Smallest arteriole branch * regulate blood flow to capillaries * Tunica intima * only endothelium * Tunica Media * incomplete layer of smooth muscle * precapillary sphincter * Tunica Adventitia * Indistinguishable

Capillary: Types

* Continuous (somatic) * nonporous * Tightly bound together by zonula occludents * all types of muscle, brain, peripheral nerves, exocrine glands * Fenestrated (visceral) * porous (limited size for transport) * where rapid exchange is required * kidney, intestines, endocrine glands * Sinusoidal (discontinuous artery) * wide lumen * gaps b/w endothelial cells * abundant fenestrtions w/out diaphgram * partial or no basal lamina * found in hematopoietic organs * pulmonary * liver * phagocytes found on endothelial walls

Venules

* Receives blood from capillaries * some gas exchange * larger lumen compared to arterioles * Tunica intima * endothelium * no valves * Tunica Media * very thin * few smooth muscle layers * Tunica Adventitia * thickest tunic * mostly collagen

Capillary: layers

* No tunic Adventitia or Tunic media * ONLY tunic Intima

Comparison of Structure of Blood vessels: tunic Intima, Media, Externa/Adventitia Typical vs arteries vs, veins, vs capillaries

* Typical: * Tunica intima: * endothelium * Tunica Media: * smooth muscle * elastic fibers * Tunica adventitia * collagen fibers * Arteries * Tunica intima * smooth lining * Tunica Media * thicker than veins * Tunica Adventitia * thicker in veins * thinner than tunica media * Veins: * Tunica intima * smooth lining w/valves * Tunica media * thinner than arteries * Tunica Adventitia * thiner than arteries * thicker than tunica media * Capillaries * Tunica Initia ONLY * gas exchange