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Organization Of The Human Body > Introduction To Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction To Chemistry Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Chemistry:

A

The science of the structure and relationship with other matter

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2
Q

Matter:

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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3
Q

Mass:

A

The amount of matter in any living organism. Living or not

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4
Q

Chemical element:

A

Substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler form

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5
Q

How many different elements groups are present in your body?

A

3 sections: major element (96%) lesser element (3.6%) trace element (0.4%)

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6
Q

What are major elements composed of?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (4)

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7
Q

What are lesser elements composed of?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, Sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron (8)

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8
Q

Are atoms naturally neutral, positive, or negative? And why?

A

They are naturally neutral because the protons which are positive and electrons which are negitive usually have the same numbers

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9
Q

What are the number of protons also called?

A

Atomic number

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10
Q

How to find the mass number?

A

Total number of protons + neutrons

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11
Q

Ion:

A

Atom either giving up or gaining electrons

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12
Q

Molecule:

A

Two of more atoms share electrons (2 of the same elements “H2O, CaCl2”)

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13
Q

Compound:

A

Substance containg atoms of 2 or more different elements (“CaCl2, HCl”)

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14
Q

Free radical:

A

Ion or molecule with a unpaired electron in its outermost shell

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15
Q

What are the 3 general types of chemical?

A

Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen

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16
Q

Ionic bond:

A

Positive and negative charged ions are attracted to one another

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17
Q

Cation:

A

Positively charged ions

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18
Q

Anion:

A

Negatively charged ions

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19
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing one, two or three electrons

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20
Q

What does a greater number of sharing electrons result in?

A

A stronger covalent bond

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21
Q

What is the most common bond type in our body and why?

A

Covalent. Because most covalent bonds do not desolve in water unlike ionic bonds

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22
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond:

A

Electrons equally share electrons

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23
Q

When are bonds a non polar covalent bond:

A

When the bond is between 2 identical atoms or when producing methane molecule(1 carbon & 4 hydrogen)

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24
Q

Polor covalent bond:

A

Sharing of electrons unequally

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25
Hydrogen bond:
Hydrogen atoms (positive) attract to a negative charge atom
26
List the order of bonds from strongest to weakest
Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen
27
Chemical reaction:
New bonds form or old bonds break
28
What does chemical reaction result in?
Body structure being built or bodies functioning and transferring energy
29
Energy:
The capacity to do work
30
Potential energy:
Stored energy
31
Kinetic energy:
Energy in motion
32
Chemical energy:
Potential energy that is stored in the bonds of molecules
33
Synthesis reaction (anabolism):
Two or more ions/molecules combine to form new and larger molecules ( amino acid to protein)
34
Decomposition reaction (catabolism):
Large molecules split apart into smaller parts (starch to glucose)
35
Reversible reaction:
The ability to go both ways "arrows"
36
Exchange reaction:
Consisting both synthesis and decomposition reactions
37
Things to know about inorganic compund
1) They usually lack carbon 2) they are structured simply 3) they are held by ionic/covalent bonds (water, salt, acid and base)
38
Things to know about organic compund
1) They ALWAYS contain carbon and usually contain hydrogen 2) They are large and complex 3) always have covalent bond (carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acid, and ATP)
39
Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein and Amino acids
40
Things to know about water pt1
1) Water is the most important and most abundant inorganic compund 2) it makes up 55-60% of body mass in lean adults
41
Things to know about water pt2
1) water is an excellent solvent 2) water participates in chemical reaction 3) water absorbs and releases heat very slowly 4) water requires a large amount of heat to change to gas 5) water serves as a lubricant
42
What are inorganic compunds classified into?
Acids, bases and salt
43
Acid:
A substance that breaks apart into one or more hydrogen ions (H) when in water
44
Base:
Substance that breaks into hydroxide (OH) when in water
45
Salt:
Substance that disolves into cation ane anion but neither hydrogen or hydroxide ions
46
On a PH scale, where is it neutral?
7 (mid point)
47
Acidic:
A solution that has more hydrogen than hydroxide (bellow 7)
48
Basic (Alkaline):
A solution that has more hydroxide than hydrogen (above 7)
49
What is the PH of blood?
Between 7.35-7.45 (7.4)
50
Buffers:
Chemical Compunds that quickly and temporarily bind hydrogens. Converting string acids / bases to weak ones
51
Carbohydrates:
Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, glucose, starch and cellulose
52
What 3 major groups are carbohydrates divided into?
1)Monosaccharides - glucose 2)dimonosaccharides - 2 monosaccharides 3) polysaccharide - bunch of monosaccharides
53
Lipids:
Hydrophobic compounds that are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
54
What 4 major groups are lipids composed of?
1) Triglycerides- fat & oil 2) phospholipids - lipids that contain phosphorus 3) steroids 4) fat soluble vitamins ( vitamin A,D,E,K)
55
Protein:
Large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. They are responsible for structure of body cells and more larger and complex
56
How is protein created?
1) Proteins are made from Amino acids. 2) Amino acid consists of animo group and carboxyl group. 3)It also contains the side chain (R group) 4)Linked by peptide bonds
57
DNA:
blueprint of life and contain nucleotide bases. A,T,C,G
58
RNA:
intermediary between DNA and protein that contain A,U,G,C
59
Adenosine truphosphate (ATP)
1) chemical energy used by all cells 2) Energy released when phosphate bond is broken
60
What is element made of?
Atoms
61
Atom:
Smallest unit of matter
62
3 Things to know about ions:
1) They give and take electrons 2) The atoms are positive (cation) and negative (anion) 3 weaker bond to covalent, but Stronger than hydrogen
63
3 things to know about covalent bonds:
1) They are sharing electrons 2) they contain polar covalent ( not equal) and non polar covalent ( equally sharing) 3) strongest bond, and most common in body
64
2 things to know about hydrogen bonds:
1) They are a polar covalent bond 2) cause uneven distribution of charge on molecules, leading to attraction of oppositely charged parts
65
Enzymes:
Your body's organic catalist
66
3 things to know about enzymes?
1) They are highly specific 2) They are very effective 3) The cells genes control the rate and concentration, making them variable
67
How to find the number of neutrons?
Subtract atomic number from mass number

Organization Of The Human Body (3 decks)

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