Introduction to circulation

Question 1

Hypertension

Answer 1

Blood pressure is too high

Question 2

Hypotension

Answer 2

Blood pressure is too low

Question 3

Shock

Answer 3

Insufficient perfusion, common cause of death for critically ill people

Question 4

Functions of circulation (6)

Answer 4

Carrying Oc, glucose, nutrients to the cells
Removing waste: CO2 and heat
Homeostasis of the extracellular fluid (via the kidneys)
Distribution of hormones
Temperature regulation
Defence against infection

Question 5

Principles of pressure and flow

Answer 5

Pressure and flow are determined by heart, blood volume and vesse

Question 6

Blood pressure equation

Answer 6

BP=COxPR

Question 7

1st Korotkoff sound

Answer 7

Pressure equal to systolic pressure allows blood to flow through so first sound

Question 8

Last Korotkoff sound

Answer 8

Pressure falls below diastolic pressure so blood flow is no longer turbulent and smooth flow means no more sounds are heard

Question 9

Function of aorta

Answer 9

Stretch and recoil

Stores energy

Question 10

Function of arteries

Answer 10

Distribute

Volume adjust

Question 11

Function of arterioles

Answer 11

Regulate caps, resistance, set BP and TPR

Question 12

Function of capillaries

Answer 12

Exchange of nutrients, gas and fluid

Question 13

Function of venules

Answer 13

Collect blood

Some exchange

Question 14

Function of veins

Answer 14

Reservoir for blood

Muscle pump

Question 15

Distribution of blood in the cardiovascular system

Answer 15

Veins 64%
Lungs 9%
Small arteries and arterioles 8%
Heart, diastole &%
Large arteries 7%
Capillaries 5%

Question 16

Right heart

Answer 16

Pulmonary circulation
Right ventricle: thin walled and crescent X section
Low pressure
High flow
Low resistance

Question 17

Left heart

Answer 17

Systemic circulation
Left ventricle: thick walled and circular X section
High pressure
Variable flow
Variable resistance

Question 18

Mitral and tricuspid valves

Answer 18

AV valves
Close during systole
First heart sound (lub)

Question 19

Aortic and pulmonary valves

Answer 19

Semi lunar valves
Close during diastole
Second heart sound (dub)

Question 20

Nephron

Answer 20

Filtration unit that contains a glomerulus

Question 21

Kidneys as a filtration system

Answer 21

1. Small molecules go through filter (H2O, glucose, ions)
2. Blood cells and proteins are left behind
3. Desirable small molecules are re-absorbed back into blood
4. Excess fluid and undesirable small molecules are left behind and to go the bladder for excretion

Question 22

Glomerular filtration rate

Answer 22

Measurement of how much filtering the kidney does

The volume of fluid filtered from the renal glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time

Question 23

Portal system

Answer 23

When a capillary bed pools into another capillary bed through veins without first going back through the heart
Capillary beds are in series with each other

Question 24

Peritubular capillaries

Answer 24

Tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron

Question 25

Filtration

Answer 25

Fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries and entering the nephron's tubular system at the Bowman's capsule

Question 26

Reabsorption

Answer 26

Fluid that's been filtered is then transported out of the tubule system and back into the blood stream at the peritubular capillaries

Question 27

Secretion

Answer 27

Process where molecules are removed from blood system at the peritubular capillaries and enter the tubule system of the nephron

Question 28

Excretion

Answer 28

Fluid that ends up inside the tubule system of the kidney and is ultimately transported to the urinary bladder for excretion

Question 29

Hypoxaemia

Answer 29

Low O2 content throughout arterial blood | Typical causes: any serious respiratory problem, aneamia, generally poor circulatory perfusion of the lungs

Question 30

Hypoxia

Answer 30

Low O2 content

Question 31

Anoxia

Answer 31

General term for having no O2 locally

Question 32

Ischaemia

Answer 32

Insufficient blood flow to a region

Question 33

Angina pectoris

Answer 33

A symptom Chest pain due to over exertion of heart tissue Can occur with or without physical exertion

Question 34

Angina pectoris treatment

Answer 34

Nitrates for immediate relief Long term treatment as per coronary artery disease

Question 35

Myocardial infarction

Answer 35

Death of one region of the heart Sudden crushing chest pain Results from occlusion of a coronary artery

Question 36

Myocardial infarction treatment

Answer 36

``` Immediate reperfusion Morphine (pain) Oxygen (increase O2 levels) Nitrates (open blood vessels) Aspirin (prevents further clots) ```

Question 37

Reperfusion

Answer 37

Re-establishment of blood supply to area that has been ischaemic or deprived of oxygen Usually percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Question 38

Heart failure

Answer 38

Heart pumps out insufficient blood Fatigue, dyspnoea, oedmea Results from previous MIs

Question 39

Treatment for shock

Answer 39

Aggressive intravenous fluid and oxygen and airway maintained

Question 40

Syncope

Answer 40

Loss of consciousness due to insufficient blood flow to the brain Caused by: -shock -arrhythmia