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Clinical Chemistry Lecture > Introduction to Clinical Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction to Clinical Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

It is a branch of laboratory medicine that is concerned with the quantitative measurement of analytes in body fluids to facilitate the diagnosis of diseases.

A

Clinical Chemistry

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2
Q

What are the analytes?

A

Proteins
Enzymes
Metabolites
Drugs
Ions
Salts
Minerals

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3
Q

Clinical Chemistry is a _____ Science

A

Quantitative

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4
Q

Clinical Chemistry is concerned with measurement of amounts of biologically
important substances called _____ in body fluids.

A

Analaytes

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5
Q

The results that are obtained from such measurements of a Clinical Chemistry Test are compared to reference intervals or an _____ to provide diagnostic and clinical meaning for the values.

A

Medical Decision Level (MDL)

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6
Q

Clinical Chemistry serves as a _____ because it links the knowledge of General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry with an understanding of Human Physiology

A

Science

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7
Q

Clinical Chemistry serves as a _____ because it produces objective evidence from which medical decisions may be made

A

Service

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8
Q

Clinical Chemistry serves as a _____ because clinical laboratories are businesses, which operate under the regulations and practices that guide commerce in the
United States.

A

Industry

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9
Q

Scope of Clinical Chemistry

A

Computers
Biochemistry
Instrumentation
Pharmacology
Endocrinology
Immunology
Toxicology
Analytical Chemistry

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10
Q

List down the Core Test done in the Clinical Chemistry Section:

A

Glucose
Renal Function Test
Liver/Hepatic Function Panel
Lipid Profile
Enzymes
Electrolytes

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11
Q

What is detected on the Glucose Testing in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

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12
Q

What is detected on the Renal Function Tests in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Urea
Creatinine
Uric Acid

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13
Q

What is detected on the Liver/Hepatic Function Panel in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Bilirubin
Albumin
Total Protein
ALP
AST
ALT

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14
Q

What is detected on the Lipid Profile in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Total Cholesterol
Triglyceride
HDL
LDL

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15
Q

What test is done to diagnose heart diseases and stroke?

A

Lipid Profile Test

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16
Q

What is detected on the Enzyme Testing in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Amylase
Lipase
Creatinine Kinase

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17
Q

What is detected on the Electrolyte Testing in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Na (Sodium)
K (Potassium)
Cl (Chlorine)

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18
Q

List down the Specialized Test in Clinical Chemistry Section:

A

Hormones
Specific Proteins
Trace Elements
Vitamins
Drugs
Lipoprotein

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19
Q

What type of test is less frequently performed, cost prohibitive, and is usually sent out to bigger laboratories with strict preparation guideline?

A

Specialized Test

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20
Q

Example of Metabolites Small Organic Molecules:

A

Glucose
Cholesterol
Uric Acid

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21
Q

Example of Therapeutic Drugs Small Organic Molecules:

A

Vancomycin
Theophylline
Digoxin

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22
Q

Example of Toxicology Small Organic Molecules:

A

Alcohol
Salicylate
Acetaminophen

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23
Q

Example of Drugs of Abuse Small Organic Molecules:

A

Cocaine
Barbiturates
Amphetamine

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24
Q

Classifications under the Small Organic Molecules:

A

Metabolites
Therapeutic Drugs
Toxicology
Drugs of Abuse

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25
Classification under Large Molecules:
Transport Proteins Enzymes Specific Proteins Diabetes Marker
26
Example of Transport Proteins Large Molecules:
Albumin Transferrin Haptoglobin
27
Example of Enzymes Large Molecules:
Lipase Amylase Creatinine Kinase
28
Example of Specific Proteins Large Molecules:
Immunoglobulins C-reactive Proteins Complement
29
Example of Diabetes Marker Large Molecules:
Hemoglobin A1c HbA1c
30
Most common specimen used in the Clinical Chemistry:
Blood
31
Method of Collection of Blood in Adult
Venipuncture
32
Method of Collection of Blood in Infants
Heel Prick Skin Prick
33
Site of collection of Blood in Adults
Anticubital Fossa Median - 1st Choice Cephalic - 2nd Choice Basilic - 3rd Choice
34
Site of collection of Blood in Infants
Plantar Heel for Heel Prick
35
Forms of Blood:
Whole Blood Plasma Serum
36
It is the act of drawing a blood sample from a blood vessel.
Phlebotomy
37
Collecting blood from a vein is called _____
Venipuncture
38
The medical professional drawing the blood sample is called a _____
Phlebotomist
39
Next most common specimen used in the Clinical Chemistry Section
Urine
40
This is used for evaluating kidney functions and test that look at waste products excreted by kidneys.
Urine
41
Method of Collection of Urine
Midstream Clean Catch Specimen
42
For Chemistry Testing, what type of urine specimen is usually used?
24 Hour Urine
43
Clear and colourless fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid
44
Method of Collection of CSF
Lumbar Puncture or Spinal Tap (usually collected on the 3rd to 4th or 4th to 5th Lumbar Vertebrates)
45
The first tube in the CSF is intended for _____
Clinical Chemistry and Immunology
46
The second tube in the CSF is intended for _____
Microbiology
47
The third tube in the CSF is intended for _____
Hematlogy
48
The 4th tube in the CSF is intended for _____
Specialized Section Histopathology Immunology Serology
49
How many tubes are collected in the CSF for testing?
4 tubes
50
CSF Glucose:
60-70% of Plasma Glucose
51
CSF Protein:
15-45 mg/dl
52
Fluid found in the lungs is called _____
Pleural Fluid
53
Pleural Fluid is collected through the process called _____
Thoracentesis
54
Fluid found in the heart is called _____
Pericardial Fluid
55
Pericardial Fluid is collected through the process called _____
Pericardiocentesis
56
Fluid found in the gastrointestinal tract is called _____
Peritoneal Fluid
57
Peritoneaal Fluid is collected through the process called _____
Paracentesis
58
Fluid produced by pregnant women is called _____
Amniotic Fluid
59
Amniotic Fluid is collected through the process called _____
Amniocentesis
60
Fluid that lubricates the joints is called _____
Synovial Fluid
61
Synovial Fluid is collected through the process called _____
Arthrocentesis
62
Peritoneal Fluid is also called _____
Astic Fluid
63
How is a specimen rejected:
Unlabeled Improperly Labeled Mismatched Specimen Insufficient Quantity (QNS)
64
A specimen must have at least 2 identifiers which are the _____ and _____
Name Date of Birth
65
Specimen submitted must bear a completed request form which includes:
Name Age Date Time Test Sex Physician Diagnosis
66
Specimen Rejection Criteria:
Incorrect Collection Tube Underfilled/Overfilled Collection Tube (With Anticoagulant) Hemolyzed Sample
67
Consequences of Specimen Rejection:
1. Repeated Specimen Collection 2. Delay in the Analysis and Reporting of Result 3. Delay in the Treatment of the Patient
68
Laboratory Workflow in Clinical Chemistry Section:
1. Requisition 2. Specimen Collection 3. Transport and Processing 4. Result Transmission/Delta Checking/Repeat Testing 5. Interpretation of Result
69
Quality standards for all clinical laboratories to ensure accuracy, reliability and timeliness of patient test results regardless of where the test was performed
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988
70
Defines Clinical Laboratories broadly
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988
71
Two levels of Regulations in Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988
1. Waived Tests 2. Nonwaived Tests
72
Simple laboratory examinations and procedures that are cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for home use
Waived Tests
73
Moderately and highly complex tests as defined by the requirements for operator skill, reagent preparation, and automation and the difficulty of interpretation of results. These are regulated under guidelines that cover quality standards for proficiency testing (PT), patient test management, quality control, personnel qualifications, and quality assurance.
Nonwaived Tests
74
Found that urea, an ‘organic’ substance, could be synthesized in vitro without any ‘vital force’ or living organism.
Friedrich Wöhler
75
In what year did Friedrich Wöhler found that urea, an ‘organic’ substance, could be synthesized in vitro without any ‘vital force’ or living organism.
1828
76
Looked back on experiments of Antoine- Laurent de Lavoisier in Pneumatic Chemistry.
Henry Bence Jones
77
“Few and scanty, indeed, are the rays of light which chemistry has flung on the vital mysteries.”
Robert James Graves (1796-1853)
78
Complained that clinicians do not use their chemistry laboratory services except when needed for “luxurious embellishment for a clinical lecture.”
Max Josef von Pettenkofer (1818-1901)
79
On what year does the urine test for diabetes and carbohydrate metabolism investigations started?
1815
80
First used the term “clinical chemical laboratory" (klinisch chemischem Laboratorium)
Johann Joseph Scherer (1814-1869)
81
An outstanding clinical chemist able to give an excellent interpretation of analytical results obtained from in body fluids.
Donald D. van Slyke (1883-1971)
82
Donald D. van Slyke (1883-1971) published a book in _____ (year) with _____ (name) entitled _____.
1932 John P. Peeters Clinical Chemistry
83
The founder of Modern Clinical Chemistry
Donald D. van Slyke (1883-1971)
84
What was discovered in the 19th Century?
1. Discovery of starch, fats, and some blood proteins were isolated and characterized 2. Cholesterol in gall stones 3. Chemical composition of urine
85
Invented the Technicon AutoAnalyzer
Dr. Leonard Skeggs
86
On what year does the Radioisotopes were used in assay Scintillation counting devices?
1970
87
How does the Computers correlate to the laboratory?
1. Equipment ability for data processing monitoring of data produces 2. Ensured accuracy 3. Correlation and relationships with previous information (Delta Check)

Clinical Chemistry Lecture (3 decks)

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