Preparation of Solutions and Dilutions Flashcards by SHEKINAH MOLO

Q

Two Major Systems in the Unit of Measurement:

A

English System
Metric System

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Q

Measurements of analytes in a biochemistry laboratory may either use the _____ or _____

A

Conventional Unit
Syteme Internationale

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Q

What is the Metric System Unit of Measurement and the English System Unit of Measurement of:

Length

A

Metric System: Meter
English System: Inch, Foot, Mile

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Q

What is the Metric System Unit of Measurement and the English System Unit of Measurement of:

Mass

A

Metric System: Gram
English System: Ounce, Pound, Ton

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Q

What is the Metric System Unit of Measurement and the English System Unit of Measurement of:

Volume

A

Metric System: Liter
English System: Pint, Quart, Gallon

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Q

What is the Metric System Unit of Measurement and the English System Unit of Measurement of:

Power

A

Metric System: Watt
English System: Horsepower

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Q

What is the Metric System Unit of Measurement and the English System Unit of Measurement of:

Torque

A

Metric System: Newton-meter
English System: Pound-foot

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Q

What is the Metric System Unit of Measurement and the English System Unit of Measurement of:

Temperature

A

Metric System: Degree Celsius
English System: Degree Fahrenheit

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Q

Components of a Laboratory Result:

A

Actual Value
Unit

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Q

It is recommended that analytes be reported using _____

A

Moles per solute per volume of solution (substance concentration)

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Q

Reporting laboratory results is often expressed in terms of _____ or _____

A

Substance concentration
Mass of a substance

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Q

International d’Unités is also known as the _____ in French or the _____

A

Systeme International
SI Unit

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Q

The SI Unit is based on the _____

A

Metric System

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Q

The SI Unit consists of how many independent base units?

A

7 independent base units

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Q

What are the 7 independent base units?

A

Time
Length
Mass
Electric Current
Thermodynamic Temperature
Amount of Substance
Luminous Intensity

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Q

Typical Symbol of:

Time

A

t

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Q

Typical Symbol of:

Length

A

l, x, r, etc.

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Q

Typical Symbol of:

Mass

A

m

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Q

Typical Symbol of:

Electric Current

A

l, i

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Q

Typical Symbol of:

Thermodynamic Temperature

A

T

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Q

Typical Symbol of:

Amount of Substance

A

n

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Q

Typical Symbol of:

Luminous Intensity

A

lv

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Q

Identify the Symbol of:

Second

A

s

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Q

Identify the Symbol of:

Meter

A

m

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Identify the Symbol of: Kilogram

kg

Identify the Symbol of: Ampere

A

Identify the Symbol of: Kelvin

K

Identify the Symbol of: Mole

mol

Identify the Symbol of: Candela

cd

Matter is divided into _____ and _____

Pure Substances Mixtures

Pure Substances is divided into _____ and _____

Elements Compounds

Mixtures is divided into _____ and _____

Homogenous Heterogenous

The amount of solute in a solution can be measured as a _____

Percentage of the total volume of the solution

Percent Solutions is expressed as _____

Equal parts per hundred or the amount of solute per 100 total units of solution

There are how many expressions under Percent Solution:

3 Expressions

What are the 3 Expressions of Percent Solution:

Percent by Mass Percent by Volume Mass-volume Percent

This is the mass of solute in a solution divided by the total mass of solution, multiplied by 100.

Percent by Mass

Formula of Percent by Mass:

(Mass of solute/Mass of Solution) x 100

This is the volume of solute in a solution divided by the total volume of solution, multiplied by 100.

Percent by Volume

Formula of Percent by Volume:

(Volume of Solute/Volume of Solution) x 100

This is the mass of solute in a solution (in grams) divided by the total volume of solution (in milliliters), multiplied by 100.

Mass-volume Percent

Formula for Mass-volume Percent:

(Mass of Solute in Grams/Volume of Solution in Milliliters) x 100

_____ is two or more substances with each substance retaining its own chemical identity.

Homogenous Mixture

Components of Solution:

Solute Solvent

The component of a solution that is present in the greatest amount.

Solvent

The component of a solution that is present in a lesser amount.

Solute

Practice Question: What is the percent-by-mass concentration of sucrose in a solution made by dissolving 7.5g of sucrose in 86.5g of water?

Formula Used: Percent by Mass Final Answer: 7.98% Sucrose Solution

Refers to the weight or volume of the solute present in a specified amount of solvent or a solution.

Concentration of Solutions

Basic Types of Solutions:

Percent Solutions Molar Solutions Molal Solutions Normal Solutions

Practice Question: What is the percent-by-volume concentration if a 2mL of concentrated HCl is diluted with 80mL distilled water?

Formula Used: Percent by Volume Final Answer: 2.44% HCl Solution

Practice Question: What is the concentration of a 200 mL solution containing 1.8g of NaCl?

Formula Used: Mass-volume Percent Final Answer: 0.9% NaCl Solution and 0.9g/ml NaCl Solution

Practice Question: 10% bleach (sodium hypochlorite) is used to disinfect benches before and after work. It denatures protein in micro-organisms and is therefore effective in killing bacteria, fungus and viruses. How much bleach is needed to make 100mL of 10% bleach (sodium hypochlorite) solution? How much distilled water is needed to dilute the bleach?

Formula Used: Percent by Volume Final Answer: 10ml Bleach (Sodium hypochlorite)

Practice Question: 10% bleach (sodium hypochlorite) is used to disinfect benches before and after work. It denatures protein in micro-organisms and is therefore effective in killing bacteria, fungus and viruses. How much bleach is needed to make 100mL of 10% bleach (sodium hypochlorite) solution? How much distilled water is needed to dilute the bleach?

Final Answer: 90ml dH2O

Practice Question: Normal saline solution (NSS) is used to dissolve drugs for IV use which is 0.9%w/v NaCl in water. How many grams of NaCl is needed to prepare a 35mL NSS?

Formula Used: Mass-volume Percent Final Answer: 0.32g NaCl

This is a solution containing one gram molecular weight (one mole of the solute in one liter solution) of the substance per liter of the solution.

Molar Solution

What are the Formula for Molar Solutions?

Formula 1: mol of Solute/L of Solution Formula 2: g of Solute/MW x L of Solution

Practice Question: Determine the molarity of a solution containing 4.35 moles of KMnO4 dissolved in enough water to give 750 mL solution.

Formula Used: Molar Solutions = mol of Solute/L of Solution Final Answer: 5.8M KMnO4

Practice Question: Determine the molarity of a solution containing 20g NaOH dissolved in enough water to give 1.50L solution. (Na-23; O-16, H-1)

Formula Used: Molar Solutions = g of Solute/MW x L of Solution Final Answer: 0.33M NaOH Solution

This is the solution containing one gram molecular weight (one mole of the solute in one kilogram of solution) of the substance per kilogram of the solution.

Molal Solutions

What are the Formulas used for Molal Solutions?

Formula 1: mol of Solute/Kg of Solution Formula 2: g of Solute/MW x Kg of Solution

Practice Question: How many grams of FeSO4 is needed to prepare 0.30 L of 0.10M FeSO4 solution? (Fe-55.85; S-32.06; O-14)

Formula Used: Molarity Solution = g of Solute/MW x L of Solution Final Answer: 4.56g FeSo4

This is the least likely to be encountered of the four concentration expressions to be encountered in the clinical laboratories, but is often used in chemical titrations and chemical reagent classification.

Normal Solutions

What is the Formula for Normal Solution?

Formula: g of Solute/Equivalent Weight x L of Solution

What is the Formula to get the Equivalent Weight?

Equivalent Weight = Molecular Weight x Valence

In identifying the Valence of Acids, we count the _____

Number of Hydrogen Ions

In identifying the Valence of Bases, we count the _____

Number of Hydroxide Ions

In identifying the Valence of Salts, we _____

Multiply the Absolute Value of Ions

Normality is _____ Molarity of that compound.

Always equal or Greater than

Practice Question: What is the molarity of a 2N NaCl solution?

Formula Used: Molarity = Normality/Valence Final Answer: 2M of NaCl Solution

Practice Question: What is the normality of a 5M H2SO4 solution?

Formula Used: Normality = Molarity x Valence Final Answer: 10N H2SO4 Solution

Practice Question: Determine the normality of a solution containing 15g KCl dissolved in enough water to give 0.20L solution. (K-39.10; Cl-35.45)

Formula Used; Normality of Solution = g of Solute/EW x L of Solution Final Answer: 1.01N KCl Solution

Represents the ratio of concentrated or stock material to the total final volume of a solution and consists of the volume or weight of the concentrate plus the volume of the diluent, with the concentration units remaining the same.

Dilutions

Whenever the solution is diluted, the volume is _____ and its concentration is _____ but the total amount of solute _____.

Increased Decreased Remain Unchanged

What is the Formula for Dilutions?

C1V1 = C2V2

Practice Question: What is the initial volume of a 40% formaldehyde diluted to prepare 100mL of 10% formaldehyde solution?

Formula Used: Dilutions = C1V1 = C2V2 Final Answer: 25mL

Practice Question: What is the final concentration of a 50mL 90% methanol diluted to prepare a 200mL methanol solution?

Formula Used: Dilutions = C1V1 = C2V2 Final Answer: 22.5% Methanol Solution

Formula in Converting Celsius to Fahrenheit:

F = 1.8C + 32

Formula in Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius:

C = (F-32) x 5/9

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Albumin

10 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Ammonia

0.587 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Bicarbonate

1 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Bilirubin

17.1 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: BUN

0.357 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Calcium

0.25 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Chloride

1 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Cholesterol

0.026 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Creatinine

88.4 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Glucose

0.0555 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Iron

0.179 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Lithium

1 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Magnesium

0.5 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Phospholipid

0.01 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Phosphorus

0.323 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Potassium

1 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Sodium

1 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Thyroxine

12.9 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Total Protein

10 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Triglyceride

0.0113 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Uric Acid

0/0595 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: Pc02

0.133 mmol/l CF

Identify the Value of the Analyte: p02

0.133 mmol/l CF