Introduction To Clinically Oriented Gross Anatomy Flashcards by Adrian Tiglao

The study of the 💡structure of body parts and their 💡relationship to one another.

To 💡dissect, 💡cut apart, and 💡separate

ANATOMY

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All structures in 💡one part of the body. (e.g. pelvic, abdomen)

Regional Anatomy

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Study of internal structures as they related to the 💡overlying skin

Surface Anatomy

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Gross anatomy of the body studied by 💡system (cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, muscular

Systemic Anatomy

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WAYS OF EXAMINING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE

SURFACE ANATOMY

ANATOMICAL IMAGING

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Study of the cell

Cytology

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Study of the tissues

Histology

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💡DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY

Study of development changes of the body before birth

Embryology

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Composed of 💡bone, cartilage, and ligament

● 💡Protects and 💡supports body organs
● Provides the 💡framework for muscles
● Site of 💡blood cell formation
● Stores minerals like 💡calcium and 💡phosphorus

Skeletal system

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Forms the 💡external body covering

● Composed of the 💡skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair,
and nails
● 💡Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes
💡vitamin D
● Regulate the temperature and prevent water loss
● First line of defense

Integumentary system

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Composed of 💡muscles and tendons
● Allows 💡manipulation of the environment, locomotion,
and facial expression
● Maintains 💡posture
● Produces 💡heat through shivering

Muscular system

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Composed of the 💡brain, spinal cord & nerves
● 💡Fast-acting control system of the body
● Detect 💡sensation and 💡control movements, physiological processes, and intellect
● Responds to 💡stimuli by activating muscles & glands

Nervous system

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Composed of the 💡heart and blood vessels
● The 💡heart pumps blood
● Blood vessels 💡transport blood throughout the body
● 💡Transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and
hormones throughout the body

Cardiovascular system

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Composed of 💡red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
● Picks up 💡fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
● 💡Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
● Houses 💡white blood cells involved with 💡immunity
● Removes 💡foreign substances from the blood and lymph

● Maintain 💡tissue fluid balance, and absorb fat from the digestive tract

Lymphatic system

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Composed of the 💡nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
● Keeps blood supplied with 💡oxygen and removes 💡carbon dioxide between blood and air
● Regulate the 💡blood pH

Respiratory system

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Composed of the 💡oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, and pancreas
● 💡Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
● Eliminates 💡indigestible foodstuff as feces

Digestive system

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Composed of 💡kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
● Eliminates 💡nitrogenous wastes from the body
● 💡Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the
bloo

Urinary system

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Composed of 💡prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
● Main function is the 💡production of offspring
● Testes produce 💡sperm and 💡male sex hormones
● Ducts and glands 💡deliver sperm to the female
reproductive tract

Male reproductive system

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Composed of 💡mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
● Main function is the 💡production of offspring
● Ovaries produce 💡eggs and 💡female sex hormones
● Remaining structures serve as 💡sites for fertilization and
💡development of the fetus
● Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn

Female reproductive system

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A common visual reference point
● Person stands erect with feet together and eyes
forward
● Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away
from the body

Anatomical Position

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💡Toward and 💡away from the head, respectively

● The head is superior to the abdomen
● The navel is inferior to the chin

Superior and Inferior

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💡Toward the front and 💡back of the body, respectively

● The breastbone is anterior to the spine.
● The heart is posterior to the breastbone.

Anterior and Posterior

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💡Toward the midline, 💡away from the midline, and 💡between a more medial and lateral structure, respectively
● The heart is medial to the arm
● The arms are lateral to the chest
● The collarbone is intermediate between breastbone
and shoulder

Medial, Lateral, and Intermediate

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💡Closer to and 💡farther from the origin of the body, respectively
● The elbow is proximal to the wrist
● The knee is distal to the thigh

Proximal and Distal

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💡Toward and 💡away from the 💡body surface, respectively ● The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles. ● The lungs are deep to the skin.

Superficial and Deep

Head, neck, and trunk

Axial

Appendages or limb

Appendicular

💡Divides the body into 💡right and 💡left parts

Sagittal

💡Sagittal plane that lies on the midline.

Midsagittal

💡Divides the body into 💡anterior and 💡posterior parts

Frontal or Coronal

💡Divides the body into 💡superior and 💡inferior parts.

Transverse or Horizontal (cross section)

Cuts made 💡diagonally

Oblique section

Movement that 💡decreases the angle movement of the joint

Flexion (Bend/Flex)

💡Bending of the neck or body toward the 💡right or 💡left side.

Lateral Flexion

Movement of the foot toward the 💡plantar surface (sole of the foot) as we are 💡standing on the toes.

Plantar Flexion

Movement of the foot 💡toward the shin, as we walk on the 💡heels.

Dorsiflexion

Movement that 💡increases the angle movement of the joint.

Extension (Straighten/Extend)

💡Abnormal or excessive extension of a joint 💡beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury.

Hyperextension

Types of joints where flexion and extension movements take place:

● Hinge – Ex. Elbow and Knee ● Ball and Socket - Ex. Shoulder ● Saddle - Ex. MCP joint of the thumb ● Condyloid - Ex. Hand MCP joints

💡UP AND DOWN movements that occur about a transverse axis through a joint

SAGITTAL PLANE

Moving the body part 💡away or 💡towards an 💡imaginary center line.

FRONTAL PLANE

(to take away)- moving the body part 💡away from the midline.

Abduction

(to bring together)- moving it 💡towards the midline.

Adduction

Occurs about a 💡longitudinal (vertical) axis 💡passing through a joint and through the length of the bone distal to it.

Rotation

The 💡turning of a structure around its long axis, as 💡shaking the head “no”. A 💡uniaxial joint, and thus rotation is the only motion allowed at a __.

Pivot joint

Involves a 💡torsion of the distal bone so that the 💡reference point is moved 💡anteriorly or 💡medially toward the body midline.

Internal rotation (Medial rotation)

The reference point is moved 💡posteriorly or 💡laterally, away from the midline.

External rotation (Lateral rotation)

__ must be identified on the lateral aspect of the distal bone. (Ex. The flexed forearm can indicate this reference point.)

Reference points

``` It is a combination of the actions of (in order) : ○ Flexion ○ Abduction ○ Extension ○ Adduction ``` * This is a composite action, involving two axes of rotation: 1. Transverse axis 2. Antero-posterior axis and both actions are allowed at each axis.

Circumduction

(Palm facing 💡downward) - movement of 💡crossing the radius over the ulna. ● This results in the 💡dorsal surface of the hand turning forward or prone. ● The palm of the hand 💡faces backward and the radius and ulna form an 💡X-shape.

PRONATION

(Palm facing 💡forward) It is the 💡opposite action of pronation, wherein the radius is uncrossed and the palmar surface of the hand is returned to the 💡anatomical position, (forward).

SUPINATION

The __ stays in place when the hands abduct or adduct.

3rd digit

It is a special action of the hand, whereby the 💡thumb and little finger are brought around to 💡touch the fingertips.

OPPOSITION

This movement is produced at the(1)__, which is a (2)__ formed between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone. Thumb opposition is produced by a combination of (3)__ of the thumb at this joint.

(1) first carpometacarpal joint (2) saddle joint (3) flexion and abduction

The fingers 💡return to their anatomical position.

REPOSITION

Two specialized actions allowed for the foot:

One Pair at Ankle Joint: PLANTAR FLEXION DORSIFLEXION Other Pair at Subtalar Joint: EVERSION INVERSION

Tipping the sole of the foot 💡downward, 💡increasing the angle between the foot and leg

PLANTAR FLEXION

Tipping the 💡upper surface | (dorsum) of the foot toward the 💡anterior surface of the leg, 💡decreases angle between foot and leg.

DORSIFLEXION

Turning sole of the foot 💡outward, 💡away from the midline.

EVERSION

Turning the sole of the foot 💡inward, towards the 💡opposite foot.

INVERSION

Movement in which a structure, such as the 💡mandible, 💡glides anteriorly. Occurs when the 💡shoulder is moved forward, as when pushing against something or throwing a ball. “TO MOVE FORWARD”

PROTRACTION

”TO MOVE BACKWARD” The structure 💡glides posteriorly. The 💡opposite motion, with the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column.

RETRACTION

“LOWER OR MOVES A PART INFERIORLY” Depressing the shoulders when standing at ease, the upper eyelid when closing the eye, or pulling the tongue away from the palate. Movement of a structure in an 💡inferior direction (ex. Opening the mouth). The downward movement of the scapula or mandible and shoulder

DEPRESSION

”RAISE OR MOVE A PART SUPERIORLY” Elevating the shoulders when shrugging, the upper eyelid when opening the eye, or the tongue when pushing it up against the palate (roof of mouth). Movement of a structure in a 💡superior direction (ex. Closing the mouth). The upward movement of the scapula or mandible and shoulder.

ELEVATION

“💡SIDE TO SIDE MOVEMENT OF MANDIBLE”

EXCURSION

To move mandibles 💡away from midline

Lateral Excursion

Return the mandible to its 💡resting position.

Medial Excursion

💡Encloses and 💡protects the organs of nervous system, brain and spinal cord

DORSAL CAVITY

Within the skull and 💡encases the brain

Cranial cavity

Within the vertebral column and 💡encases the spinal cord.

Vertebral cavity

Houses the 💡internal organs(viscera)

VENTRAL CAVITY

Two subdivisions of Ventral Cavity

Thoracic Cavity | Abdominopelvic Cavity

Superior to abdominopelvic cavity, it is subdivided into: Pleural and Pericardial Cavity

Thoracic cavity

Each encloses a 💡lung.

Pleural cavities

Contains the 💡pericardial cavity, and surrounds other 💡thoracic organs (thymus, trachea, esophagus).

Mediastinum

Encloses the 💡heart

Pericardial cavity

Separated from the superior thoracic cavity by dome-shaped 💡diaphragm. It is subdivided into: Abdominal and Pelvic Cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains 💡abdominal viscera and 💡peritoneal cavity and houses stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

Abdominal Cavity

It lies with the abdominal cavity, contains 💡peritoneal cavity and houses bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

Pelvic cavity

It is 💡a slit-like space lined by 💡serous | membranes: Pleura, Pericardium, Peritoneum

SEROUS CAVITIES

These are membranes 💡lining the pleural cavity. (LUNGS)

Pleura

These are membranes lining the 💡pericardial cavity. (HEART)

Pericardium

These are membranes lining 💡abdominopelvic cavity. (DIGESTIVE ORGANS & GLANDS)

Peritoneum

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY MEMBRANES:

○ Parietal Serosa – covers the body wall ○ Visceral Serosa – covers internal organs. ○ Serous Fluid– separates the serosa.

Pleural fluid collection

Thoracentesis

Peritoneal fluid collection

Paracentesis

Pericardial fluid collection

Pericardiocentesis

Abdominal regions:

● Right Hypochondriac Region a) Liver b) Gallbladder ● Epigastric Region a) Stomach ● Left Hypochondriac Region a) Diaphragm ● Right Lumbar Region a) Ascending colon or large intestine ● Umbilical Region a) Small intestine ● Left Lumbar Region a) Descending colon or the large intestine ● Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region a) Cecum b) Appendix ● Hypogastric Region (Pubic) a) Urinary Bladder ● Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region a) Initial Part of Sigmoid Colon

ABDOMINAL QUADRANT

1) Right Upper Quadrant 2) Left Upper Quadrant 3) Right Lower Quadrant 4) Left lower Quadrant

EPIGASTRIC REGION

``` Stomach Liver Pancreas Duodenum Spleen Adrenal glands ```

RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION

Liver Gallbladder Right kidney Small intestine

LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION

Spleen Colon Left Kidney Pancreas

UMBILICAL REGION

Umbilicus (Navel) Parts of the small intestine Duodenum

RIGHT LUMBAR REGION

Gallbladder Liver Right Colon

LEFT LUMBAR REGION

Descending colon | Left Kidney

HYPOGASTRIC REGION

Urinary bladder Sigmoid Colon Female/Male Reproductive Organs

RIGHT ILIAC REGION

Appendix | Cecum

LEFT ILIAC REGION

Descending Colon | Sigmoid Colon

Examination of small structures through the microscope

Microscopy

● Illuminates tissue with a beam of light | ● Lower magnification so there are less structures to see

LIGHT MICROSCOPE

Uses 💡beams of electrons (higher magnification)

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Uses 💡heavy metal salt stain that 💡deflects electrons | in the beam to different extents

Scanning Electron Microscopy

It is also known as 💡Applied Anatomy Emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and allied health sciences.

CLINICAL ANATOMY

● 💡Highly penetrating beam of X-rays transilluminates the patient, showing tissues of differing densities of mass within the body as images of differing intensities ● 💡Electromagnetic waves of very 💡short length ● Best for visualizing 💡bones and 💡abnormal dense structures ● A tissue or organ that is relatively dense in mass (e.g., compact bone) absorbs or reflects more X-rays (radiopaque) than does a less dense tissue (e.g., spongy bone) (radiolucent).

X-RAY

○ Body is probed with 💡pulses of high-frequency sound waves that 💡echo off the body’s tissues ○ Most commonly used to determine the 💡age of a developing fetus ○ 💡Least invasive (safest) of the imaging techniques, therefore you can use them in fetal check-ups ○ Advantage: produce 💡real-time images, demonstrating motion of structures and flow within blood vessels.

SONOGRAPHY (ULTRASOUND IMAGING)

○ Provides an unobstructed view of 💡small arteries ○ Type of cinefluoroscopy where you 💡inject a dye to the vessel to see the flow of the dye to the arteries. ○ Identifies 💡blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain or anywhere in the body

DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY IMAGING (DSA)

○ Takes 💡successive X-rays around a person’s full circumference ○ Resemble 💡transverse anatomical sections ○ Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section

COMPUTED(AXIAL) TOMOGRAPHY SCAN (CT/CAT)

○ Produces high-quality images of 💡soft tissues | ○ It distinguishes 💡body tissues based on relative water content

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

○ Forms images by detecting 💡radioactive isotopes injected into the body ○ Used to evaluate the 💡physiologic function of organs, such as the brain, on a dynamic basis. ○ Areas of 💡increased brain activity will show 💡selective uptake of the injected isotope. ○ Demonstrates all the areas actively producing abnormal tissues

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY SCAN (PET)

○ Provide information about the distribution or concentration of trace amounts of 💡radioactive substances ○ Scans show images of specific organs after intravenous (IV) injection of a small dose of radioactive material ○ Radionuclide is tagged to a compound that is selectively taken up by an organ, eg. technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) for bone scanning.

NUCLEAR MEDICINE IMAGING