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Introduction to Cloud Computing - Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does cloud virtualization enable in regard to the running systems and underlying hardware?

A

Multiple applications/operating systems can be run on a single physical server.

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2
Q

What levels of virtualization exist in the cloud?

A
  • instruction set architecture level
  • hardware abstraction level
  • operating system level
  • library level
  • application level
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3
Q

What is the concept of the instruction set architecture level in cloud virtualization? What does it use to acheive it’s concept?

A

The emulation of one instruction set onto another through the use of an interpreter.

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4
Q

What is the concept of the hardware abstraction level in cloud virtualization? What does this level operate on the basis of?

A

The virtualization of hardware components, on the basis of a bare hypervisor.

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5
Q

What is the concept of the operating system level in cloud virtualization?

A

The act of dividing the operating system into multiple partitions, each running its own copy of the operating system.

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6
Q

What is the concept of the library level in cloud virtualization?

A

The act of allowing multiple operating systems to run on a single physical computer, while appearing to the user as if it was the only one installed.

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7
Q

What is the concept of the application level in cloud virtualization?

A

The virtualization of one or multiple applications to run independantly from teh underlying operating system.

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8
Q

What is containerization?

A

A method of isolating applications from their underlying operating systems.

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9
Q

What does a Dockerfile contain?

A

A set of instructions for building a Docker image.

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10
Q

What is a Docker image used to do?

A

Create containers.

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11
Q

What are some example of image registries in regard to Docker?

A
  • Docker Hub
  • Google Container Registry
  • Azure Container Registry
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12
Q

What is the tool Docker compose used for?

A

Defining and running multi-container applications.

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13
Q

When using the Docker compose tool, what type of configuration file must be used?

A

YAML

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14
Q

What is the tool Docker swarm used for?

A

The management of a cluster of docker engines.

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15
Q

When using Docker swarm, what are the types of nodes needed, in which minimum quantities, and which maximum quantities?

A
  • managers: 2 min., recommended 7 max.
  • workers: 1 min., unlimited max.
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16
Q

What is a manager node in docker swarm responsible for?

A
  • maintaining the state of the swarm
  • assigning tasks to workers
  • scheduling new tasks
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17
Q

What is a worker node in docker swarm responsible for?

A

Executing tasks assigned to it by a manager node.

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18
Q

What Docker command can be used to add a node to a swarm?

A

docker join <token> <manager-ip>:<port>

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19
Q

What Docker command can be used to remove a node from a swarm?

A

docker leave --force <token>

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20
Q

In a Dockerfile, what keyword is used to denote what image the container will be based on?

A

FROM

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21
Q

What Docker command is used to run a container?

A

docker run

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22
Q

What Docker command is used to attach to a running container?

A

docker attach <container-id>

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23
Q

What Docker command is used to view the logs of a running container?

A

docker logs <container-id>

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24
Q

What Docker command is used to show all images that are stored on your system?

A

docker images

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25
What Docker command is used to show all containers that are currently running?
`docker ps`
26
What Docker command is used to remove a container?
`docker rm`
27
What Docker command is used to stop a running container?
`docker stop`
28
What Docker command is used to commit changes to a container image?
`docker commit`
29
What Docker command is used to tag an image?
`docker tag`
30
In a Dockerfile, what keyword is used to expose a port?
`EXPOSE `
31
What docker command is used to build a Dockerfile?
`docker build`
32
How can the `docker run` command be used while mapping the port `80` on the image to the port `80` on the host machine?
`docker run -p 80:80`
33
What option exists on Azure to deploy containers without having to manage a full Kubernetes cluster?
Azure Container Instances
34
Should Azure Container Instances be used in production? If so, why? If not, what should be used instead?
No, use Azure Kubernetes Service instead.
35
What needs to accompany a dockerfile in an image repository to allow it to be deployed in the cloud?
A JSON file that contains information named a deployment manifest.
36
In a Dockerfile, what keyword is used to set an environment variable?
`ENV `
37
What must be installed to use the CLI tool `az`?
The Azure Command Line Interface
38
What command in the Azure CLI can be used to create an Azure Container Instance (ACI)? What parameters does it take?
`az container create` * `-n`: name * `-d`: deployment manifest * `-p`: public IP for the container * `-a`: authentication key for the container * `-k`: the Stock Keeping Unit (SKU) for the container
39
What is the use of the Stock Keeping Unit in Docker?
It is a unique identifier used to specify the machines and their resources to be used for computation.
40
What categories can storage technologies in cloud computing be grouped into?
* block storage * object storage
41
What is the difference between block storage and object storage?
In a block storage system, data is stored in fixed-size blocks, with the system managing the allocation of these blocks. In an object storage system, data is stored as objects, where each object includes the data and associated metadata.
42
What factors should be considered when choosing between block storage and object storage? For each factor, which storage type is superior?
* performance: block * capacity: object * scalability: object * cost: object
43
What are the most well-known storage services offered by AWS?
* Simple Storage Service (S3) * Elastic Block Store (EBS) * Elastic File System (EFS) * Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS) * DynamoDB
44
What is the maximum size of a bucket in AWS S3?
100TB
45
What tiering classes exist for AWS S3?
* standard * intelligent * infrequent access * one-zone infrequent access * glacier
46
How are Elastic Block Store (EBS) and Elastic File System (EFS) used in AWS?
By mounting them to EC2 instances.
47
What are the most well-known storage services offered by Google Cloud?
* Google Cloud Storage * Cloud SQL * Firestore * Bigtable
48
What advantages does Google Cloud Storage offer?
* scalable * reliable * affordable * easy to use
49
What tiering classes exist in Google Cloud Storage?
* Standard * Nearline * Coldline * Archive
50
What is the similiarity between Firestore and Bigtable? What is the difference?
They are both NoSQL databases, however Firestore is document based, whereas Bigtable is columnar based.
51
What are the most well-known storage services offered by Azure?
* Blob Storage * Table Storage * Queue Storage * File Storage * Data Lake * SQL Database * Synapse * Cosmos DB
52
What categories is blob storage divided into in Azure?
Containers and blobs.
53
What is the maximum size of a blob in Azure?
200GB
54
How is a blob stored in Azure?
Broken up into blocks, and then stored in different physical locations to improve performance and reliability.
55
What performance levels exist for blobs in Azure?
* hot * cool * archive
56
What type of database is Table Storage in Azure?
A key-value store
57
What is the overall structure of Table Storage in Azure, and what data size limits exist?
* table (max. 1TB) * partition (max. 10GB) * page (max. 4MB) * cell (max. 8KB)
58
What types of queues exist in Queue Storage in Azure?
* standard * premium (additional features)
59
What protocol is File Storage in Azure based on?
Server Message Block (SMB)
60
What is the key defining feature of Data Lake in Azure?
The fact that it can store any type of data from any source.
61
Which technologies is Data Lake in Azure built on top of?
* HDInsight (big data analytics platform) * Cortana Intelligence Suite (machine learning platform)
62
What service tiers exist for Azure SQL Database?
* basic * standard * premium
63
What is Synapse in Azure?
A data warehousing solution intended primarily for structured data in the cloud.
64
What is Cosmos DB in Azure?
A NoSQL database service, that support document, key-value, graph, and columnar data models.
65
What does REST stand for?
**Re**presentational **S**tate **T**ransfer
66
Through which protocol do REST APIs communicate?
HTTP
67
What are the major components of the REST API paradigm?
* client * server * resource
68
What main parts are a REST request comprised of?
* HTTP method * endpoint * headers * body
69
What does CRUD stand for, and which HTTP methods are associated with each?
* **c**reate: POST * **r**ead: GET * **u**pdate: PUT * **d**elete: DELETE
70
What does URI stand for?
**U**niform **R**esource **I**dentifier
71
What does URL stand for?
**U**nique **R**esource **L**ocation
72
What constraints make an API RESTful?
* client-server autonomy * uniform interface * layered architecture * caching * stateless interactions * code on demand
73
What is a major benefit of stateless interactions in RESTful APIs?
That each request is handled seperated, and therefore could be handled by different computers.
74
What is Flask?
A popular lightweight online application development framework in Python.
75
How would a Flask app be created and run, with the endpoint `/users` and the class `Users`?
`from flask import Flask` `from flask_restful import Api` `app = Flask(__name__)` `api = Api(app)` `api.add_resource(Users, '/users')` `app.run()`
76
How would the Python class `Users` define a method to be called on an HTTP GET request in Flask?
`def get(self):` `...`
77
What is Swagger?
A specification and complete framework implementation for describing, producing, consuming, and visualizing RESTful web services.
78
What are the most important Swagger tools?
* Swagger Editor * Swagger User Interface * Swagger Codegen
79
What is the Azure implementation of Role Based Access Control (RBAC)?
Azure API Management
80
What built-in roles exist in the Azure API Management? What permissions do they have?
* API Management Service Contributor: super user, full CRUD access * API Management Service Reader: read-only access * API Management Service Operator: ensures that the service is available and performing as expected
81
For which reasons is cloud networking a sensible solution for organizations with expanding workloads?
* cost * productivity (focus on development rather than system administration) * mobility * rapid scalability * quick implementation * reduced downtime
82
On which layer of the OSI paradigm do Azure Load Balancers function?
Layer 4
83
On which layer of the OSI paradigm do Application Gateways in Azure function?
Layer 7
84
What different strategies of load distribution are used?
* round robin * url-based * cookie affinity (sticky)
85
What are the main differences between Load Balancer and Application Gateway in Azure?
* Load Balancer is free whereas Application Gateway is priced * Application Gateway has many more features that Load Balancer such as SSL termination, URL-based routing, multi-site routing, cookie-based session affinity, and Web Application Firewalll * Load Balancer only works with Azure-hosted endpoints whereas Application Gateway works with any routable IP address
86
What is Traffic Manager?
A DNS-based traffic routing solution.
87
How does Traffic Manager handle automatic fail-over to healthy endpoints?
Through the use of a health check (polling an HTTP endpoint) on a regular basis.
88
What is a major difference between Azure Traffic Manager and Azure Load Balancer in regard to scale?
Azure Traffic Manager can distribute traffic globally, whereas Azure Load Balancer can only distribute traffic within an Azure region.
89
What are advantages of using manged identities?
* credentials are not required to be handled * authentication can be done by using managed identities * single point of authentication for all Azure resources
90
What types of managed identities exist? What are the differences?
* system-assigned * user-assigned System-assigned is associated with a specific resource, whereas a user-assigned is a standalone entity.

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