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Winter Term 2 :) > Introduction to Corrections > Flashcards

Introduction to Corrections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 tasks of a CO?

A
  1. Security
  2. Service
  3. Helping inmates adjust to life inside
  4. Helping inmates prepare to re-enter society
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2
Q

What is not a key task of a CO?

A

Punishment

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3
Q

What are 5 things new CO’s may have to learn?

A

-How to negotiate power
-How to manage the stresses
-How to use discretion
-Build up an institutional “reputation”
-Learn the “normative code” – the staff code

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4
Q

What are 4 unwritten rules of the CO subculture?

A

-Always help another officer in real or potential danger
-Don’t rat on other officers
-Do not be overly friendly with inmates
-Defer to experienced officers – respect the hierarchy

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5
Q

What is the focus of the “custodial agenda”?

A

-Control
-Enforcement

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6
Q

What is the main focus of the “correctional agenda”?

A

-Change agents
-Supporting inmates through referrals
-Problem solving

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7
Q

Who are dualists?

A

-Uses both custodial and correctional agendas
-2 types - harmonious or security (depending on which agenda they lean to)

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8
Q

Who are punishers?

A

-Custodial agenda - but adding a desire to punish / antagonize
-Makes life inside more challenging

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9
Q

Who are moral relativists?

A

-Ambivalence towards tasks / agendas - don’t really care

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10
Q

What is expert or professional power?

A

Control over professions, dominance, autonomy and professional relationships
-Use of expertise to resolve conflicts

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11
Q

What is coercive power?

A

The ability to compel compliance through the use of threats, punishment, or force
-Rule enforcement
-Disciplinary charges
-Searches

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12
Q

What is reward power?

A

The ability to influence others by offering incentives or rewards, such as bonuses, promotions, praise, or other perks, for desired behaviors or performance
-Awarding certain inmates privileges
-Providing favorable reports

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13
Q

What is legitimate power?

A

The authority derived from a person’s formal position or role within an organization or society, recognized and accepted by others
-Officers formal authority

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14
Q

What is exchange power?

A

The power derived from engaging in reciprocal actions or trades, where you offer something of value to someone else in exchange for something you value in return
-Informal system of rewards
-Under-enforcement of regulations

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15
Q

What are 5 challenges inmates may face within an institution?

A

-Confinement
-Family separation
-Threat of victimization
-Life sentences
-Gangs

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16
Q

What are some concerns for a inmate who is failing to cope?

A

-Suicide
-Self-harm
-Escapism

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17
Q

What are the 5 different causes of death found within prisons?

A

-Natural causes (63%)
-Suicide (12%)
-Overdose or suspected overdose (10%)
-Homicide (10%)
-Undetermined (6%)

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18
Q

What are the 2 threats to inmates within institutions?

A

-Other inmates
-Adminisation

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19
Q

What are the 5 uses of segregation?

A
  1. to punish
  2. to protect vulnerable people
  3. to facilitate prison management of certain people
  4. to protect national security
  5. to facilitate investigations
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20
Q

What “replaced” solitary confinement in 2019?

A

Structured Intervention Units (SIU’s)

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21
Q

What kind of schedule do inmates in SUI get?

A

4 hours out of cell, 2 hours of “meaningful human interaction”

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22
Q

Who deals with complaints about Federal instituations?

A

Office of the Correctional Investigator

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23
Q

Who deals with complaints about Provincial institutions?

A

Ombusman

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24
Q

Who are 6 groups of people who are most likely to be in prison?

A

-Young
-Male
-Single
-Poorly educated
-Lack employment or skills for
-Indigenous

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25
What is risk-need-responsitivity?
A framework for offender assessment and rehabilitation based on three core principles: risk (matching interventions to the offender's risk level), need (targeting criminogenic needs in treatment), and responsivity (maximizing the offender's ability to learn from interventions)
26
What is responsivity?
Social learning, cognitive behavioral techniques, matching specific abilities and needs of participants
27
What are the 4 parts of case management?
1. Enable - Systemic monitoring of offender during confinement 2. Balance - rehabilitation with community protection 3. Prepare - inmates for successful reintegration 4. Contribute - to effective community supervision
28
What is the process of case management?
1. Classification: Initial assessment and institutional placement 2. Correctional planning and institutional supervision 3. Preparing cases for release decisions 4. Parole board decision and release 5. Community supervision until warrant expiry
29
What is classification?
The process of assigning inmates to specific custody levels and programs based on their risk level, needs, and the resources available to address them, aiming to ensure safety, manage risks, and facilitate rehabilitation
30
What are the different custody levels?
-Maximum -Medium -Minimum
31
What are the "Big Four"?
-Antisocial peers -Antisocial personality -Antisocial/pro-criminal attitudes -History of antisocial behavior
32
What are the "Moderate Four"?
-Lack of attachment to family/marital supports -School/ employment problems -Lack of prosocial leisure or recreation activities -Substance abuse
33
What are correctional plans formed from?
From information in risk/need assessments
34
What are discussed in correctional plans?
-Placement, -Programming, -Training, -Release planning
35
What is the focus of the Integrated Correctional Program Model?
-Social-learning, cognitive-behavioral, structured-behavioral -High or medium intensity, workshop style
36
What is "status degradation ceremony"?
Stripping of personal identity
37
What are 5 deprivations or pains of imprisonment?
-Liberty -Desirable goods and services -Heterosexual relationships -Autonomy -Security
38
What are 3 aspects of "social system"?
-Social roles -Hierarchy / power -Specialized slang
39
What are some obstacles to programs / treatment?
-Dual mandate: punishment vs treatment -Differential amenability to treatment -Doing time -Access – waitlists and placement -Relevance -Low completion rates -Program fidelity, drift, therapeutic integrity -“Throughcare” -No internet
40
What was created due to the Fateaux Inquiry?
-National Parole Board -Parole Act
41
What replaced the Parole act and Penitentiary act?
The CCRA of 1992
42
What is temporary absence?
When offenders are allowed supervised leave for things like funerals, weddings, etc.
43
What is day parole?
When offenders are allowed to leave for the day but must be back at their institution for the night
44
What is full parole?
When offenders are released but have to check in with their parole officers and follow their parole conditions
45
What is statutory release?
Statutory release is a form of conditional release in Canada where federally sentenced inmates are automatically released into the community after serving two-thirds of their sentence, provided they haven't already been released on parole.
46
What is earned remission?
A system where inmates can reduce their prison sentence by demonstrating good behavior, good conduct, and active participation in programs while incarcerated.
47
What period of time is the most important after release?
The first 48 hours
48
What is covered in pre-release planning?
Pre-release planning covers: triggers, housing, employment, basic needs, safety plans
49
Is conditional release effective?
Conditional Releases tend to be very effective and have high completion rates (even statutory release)
50
What are the stats on statutory release vs full and day parole?
Offenders on statutory release are 12x more likely than offenders on full parole, and 5x more likely than day parole to commit a violence offence
51
How effective is day parole?
85%
52
How effective is statutory release?
60-65% -10% higher for those who had parole prior
53
What is throughcare?
A system-wide approach that provides continuous support and interventions for individuals, particularly offenders, throughout their journey, from inside correctional facilities to successful reintegration into society.
54
What are some needs of re-entry?
-Transportation -Clothing, food, toiletries -Finances -Housing -Documentation -Employment -Health Care -Support Systems
55
What are some pains of re-entry?
-Lack of restoration ceremony -Life continued while you were inside -Needing to cope with the pains of reentry can lead to high-risk behavior -Protective vs risk factors
56
What are some factors that contribute to successful re-entry?
-Special populations have additional struggles and considerations -Many people successfully complete release and reintegration -Supportive network -Stable housing and employment -Participation in programs -Desistance – moving out of a criminal lifestyle
57
What is the 3 options to suspending or revoking conditional release?
-Cancel the suspension and release back to community -End their parole or statutory release… goes to PBOC -Revoke release (decision by PBOC)
58
What makes imprisonment criminogenic?
-Post-incarceration Syndrome -Post-traumatic stress -Institutionalization -Anxiety, depression, hyper-vigilance, flashbacks
59
What are some examples of systemic failures?
-Classification systems do not adequately identify inmate needs -Difficulty forecasting populations to ensure that sufficient resources (housing, programs) -Needs of diverse populations (race, MH, disability, gender) -Timely access to correctional programming -Failure to ensure throughcare -Northern and remote regions -Inadequate evaluation of correctional programs -Safety during incarceration
60
Are the recommendations of the OCI and Ombudsman mandatory?
No they are recommendations to improve the system but do not HAVE to be completed
61
What are informed practices that are proven to be affective?
Restorative justice, sentencing circles, RNR, throughcare, trauma-informed
62
Are you gonna pass this final?
YESSSSSS!!!!!!

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