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2nd sem-Cytogenetics PRELIM > Introduction to cytology > Flashcards

Introduction to cytology Flashcards

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1
Q

Branch of Genetics which study the cell specifically the chromosome. It is developed from two separate sciences: cytology and genetics.

A

Cytogenetics

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2
Q

Cytogenetics is developed from two separate sciences

A

Cytology and genetics

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3
Q

It deals with the composition and structure of the chromosome and its role in hereditary and development of related disease.

A

Cytogenetics

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4
Q

concern with the transmission of genes from parent to offspring or from one generation to another and the outcome of the offspring’s trait.

A

Transmission genetics(hereditary).

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5
Q

study of how genetic works at the molecular level (DNA and RNA), this include gene replication, expression, regulation and mutation.

A

Molecular genetics.

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6
Q

genetic variation within a given population and the role of the environment (epigenetics) in the outcome of a trait.

A

Population genetics.

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7
Q

Fields of Genetics

A

Transmission genetics(hereditary).
Molecular genetics.
Population genetics.

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7
Q

Clinical application of Cytogenetics

A

Diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring
Therapeutic management
DNA finger printing (DNA profiling)

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8
Q

Diagnosis leukemia and solid tumor

A

(cancer cytogenetics).

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9
Q

identifying the specific location, arrangement and structure of gene in a chromosome.

A

Gene mapping

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10
Q

This may help in the diagnosis of genetic diseases.

A

Gene mapping

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11
Q

Can be determine who is at risk of genetic condition among family members

A

Gene mapping

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12
Q

treatment and management

A

Gene therapy

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13
Q

DNA finger printing (DNA profiling)

A

Paternity testing
Forensic

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14
Q

Augustinian friar, scientist.

Father of Genetics.

He studied Hereditary through the experiment of pea plants.

A

GREGOR MENDEL

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15
Q

German biologist
Founder of Cytogenetics.
Discovered mitosis.

A

WALTHER FLEMMING

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16
Q

German biologist
He developed the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

A

THEODORE BOVERI

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17
Q

Described the structure of DNA as double helix.

The discovery give rise to Modern Molecular biology

A

JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK

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17
Q

The DNA is the hereditary materia according to

A

OSWALD AVERY, COLIN MCLEOD, MACLYN MCARTHY.

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18
Q

Discovered the Genetic code these are information that is encoded in genetic material

A

MARSHAL NIRENBERG AND HEINRICH MATTHAEI

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19
Q

Discovered the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Which enable DNA or RNA to be reproduced in vitro.

A

KARY MULLIS

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20
Q

was launched, an international research project in 1990

A

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

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21
Q

Provide a complete and accurate DNA base pairs that make up a human genome

A

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

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22
Q

To identify an estimated 30, 000 genes of human.

A

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

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23
The research outcome has a major impact on the development in the field of medicine, biotechnology, and life sciences
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
24
became the 1st genetic disease to be treated using gene therap in 1993
Cystic fibrosis
25
the 1st bacterial genome sequence in 1995
Haemophilus influenza
26
the completion of human genome in the year?
2000 2003
27
whole organs grow in culture in the year
2010
28
single cell organism with out nucleus e.g. bacteria and archaea.
PROKARYOTES
29
more complex cell with nucleus and many organelles. e.g. human, plants, animals and fungi.
EUKARYOTES
30
All cells of the body except sex cells.
SOMATIC CELLS
31
SEX CELLS/GAMETES
Sperm cell and ova.
32
There are ___ types of somatic cells in the bodys
200
33
A cycle in dividing cell which leads to cell division.
CELL CYCLE
34
A series of events that take place on a cell in preparation for cell division.
CELL CYCLE
35
2 Major stages of cell cycle
INTERPHASE MITOTIC or M PHASE
36
similar activity with G1
G2 (gap 2)
36
The resting stage of cell cycle. Constant production of protein and increasing in size.
INTERPHASE
37
constant synthesis of RNA to produce protein, increase in size of the cell.
G1 (gap 1)
38
synthesis or duplication of DNA to ensure daughter cells receive full set of DNA as of parent cell.
S phase
39
cessation of cell division either temporarily ( liver cells) or permanently (neurons).
G0
40
Types of cell division.
Mitosis Meiosis
41
chromatin condense to form chromosomes nucleolus disappear centrioles migrates to opposite poles of the cell spindle fibers network form.
PROPHASE
42
spindle fibers attach to chromosomes via kinetochore near the centromere. chromosome align on the metaphase plate.
METAPHASE
43
spindle fibers shorten, kinetochore separates chromatids (daughter chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to either side of cell poles.
ANAPHASE
44
the daughter chromosomes arrive at respective poles. spindle fibers disappear.
TELOPHASE
45
divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into 2 cells.
CYTOKINESIS
46
Is a type of cell division (eukaryotes) that produces haploid sex cells or gametes.
MEIOSIS
47
Also known as reduction division.
MEIOSIS
48
reduction of chromosomes from diploid (2n) to haploid (n)
Meiosis I
49
the same as in mitosis, producing 4 haploid cells.
Meiosis II
50
Chromosomes become visible Crossing over of homologous chromosomes
Prophase I
51
Chromosomes align at the center
METAPHSASE I
52
homologous chromosomes separates but sister chromatids are still attached
ANAPHASE I
53
Production of 2 haploid (n) daughter cells
TELOPHASE I and cytokinesis
54
Homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads ( 4 chromatins).
Prophase I
55
a pair of chromatins similar in size and genetic content.
Homologous chromosome
56
(crossing over)- homologous chromosomes exchange genetic materials to create 4 unique chromatids.
Genetic recombination
57
Consist of prophase II, anaphase II, metaphase II and telophase II
Meiosis II
58
The process is the same as mitosis.
Meiosis II
59
At the end of the this cell cycle, 4 genetically different daughter cells are produced.
Meiosis II
60
G1 -__ hours S phase- __ hours G2 phase-__ M phase- __
G1 - 9 hours S phase- 10 hours G2 phase-four and one-half hours M phase- one-half hour
61
regulated by external and internal event.
Initiation and inhibition of cell division
62
a hormones that promotes cell division.
Human growth hormone (HGH)
63
overcrowding cells inhibit cell division
Space
64
Internal event of regulation of cell division
Cell cycle checkpoints
64
External event of regulation of cell division
Human Growth Hormone Space Size of the cell
65
a. Ensures if the size of the cell is ready for cell division. b. Ensures if necessary proteins are made for cell division. c. Ensures that DNA is error free before it will be copy.
G1 checkpoint
66
If the cells failed to meet the requirement it will proceed to __ until it is ready.
G0
67
DNA synthesis checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
68
a. Checks whether DNA is replicated correctly (no mutations) b. If not, it stops the progression to correct the problem by the action of DNA repair system. c. If the DNA is beyond repair the cell will undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death.
G2 checkpoint
69
Ensures that the cell’s spindle fibers are properly aligned in metaphase before the chromosomes are separated in anaphase.
Mitosis checkpoint (during metaphase)
70
Promotes cell cycle
Positive regulation
71
Stops cell cycle
Negative regulation
72
1. Transcription factor (MYC) 2. Cyclin –dependent kinases (CDKs) 3. EGFR- epidermal growth factor receptors
Proto-oncogenes
73
Tumor suppressor genes
Negative regulation
74
result to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation (malignancy).
oncogenes
75
lead to uncontrolled cell growth and eventually malignant condition.
Mutation of tumor suppressor genes
76
Proto-oncogenes
1. Transcription factor (MYC) 2. Cyclin –dependent kinases (CDKs) 3. EGFR- epidermal growth factor receptors
77
p53 located in chromosome 17 (short arm). 50 % of cancer cases is due to p53 mutation. e.g. breast cancer, colorectal, liver and ovarian.
Tumor suppressor gene
78
Repair damage DNA before replication. When DNA damage is beyond repair, it stimulates cell apoptosis.
p53 functions

2nd sem-Cytogenetics PRELIM (3 decks)

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