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Endocrinology > Introduction To Endo( Dr Femi) > Flashcards

Introduction To Endo( Dr Femi) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone

S E O Effect
Socete

A

This is a specific organic chemical produced by certain cells into the ECF which is directly transmitted into Target Organs for exertion of specific regulatory (physiological ) effect

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2
Q

2 broad types of hormones are

A

General

Local

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3
Q

________ hormones is not produced by specific glandular organ yet exert their action locally or at s distance from the area of production ( restricted area)
Mention 5 examples

A
  1. Local hormones
2.ACH
SEROTONIN
ERYTHROPOIETIN
NORADRENALIN
ADRENALINEa
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4
Q

General hormones are classified into _______

Namely

A

3
Protein
Peptide amino acid derivatives
Steriods

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5
Q

Name the glands that produce general hormones

A 
Pituitary glands(ant+post)
Thyroid
Ovary
Testis
AdrenL cortex
Parathyroid
Pancreas
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6
Q

Most steroid hormones are derived from—–

Mention the glands that secrete steroids and the examples of what they secrete

A

Cholesterol

Placenta:oestrogen+progesterone
Ovaries: same
Testis: testosterone
Adrenal cortex: aldosterone and cortisol

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7
Q

What gland secrete Hormones derived from AA tyrosine

A

Hormones of thyroid gland: triiodothyronine and tyroxine

Adrenal medulla: Adrenaline and noreadrenaline

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8
Q

Hormones of the protein class are secreted by what glands and list the hormones secreted

A

Note: every hormone that is not steroid and AA derived

Ant pituitary:ACTH,TSH,,LH,GH,Prolactin
Post pituitary:ADH,vasopressin,oxytocin
Pancreatic:insulin, glucagon
Paratyphoid:
Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland:calcitonin
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9
Q

In formation of All protein hormones are
A.Synthesis is Initiated in the——
B.formed by—–

A

A. nucleus of the cell, the DNA of the nucleus initiates the formation of active MRNA and TRNA
TRNA acts on the cytoplasmic rough endoplasmic reticulum to produce the prohormones
B. Glandular endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Hormones of Amino acid derivatives are formed by——

A

Enzymatic reactions in the cytoplasmic compartment of glandular cells

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11
Q

Receptors of hormones determines whether a cell will be sensitive or insensitive to a hormone

Receptors of protein , peptides, cathecholamines are located——
Receptors of steroids are located—-
Receptors of thyroid are located—–

A

In or on the surface of the cell membrane
Cell cytoplasm
Cell nucleus

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12
Q

What are the(mechanism) stages of hormones action

A

1.Recognition( binding of hormones to membrane receptors) ActionOF FIRST MESSENGERS
2.Formation of second messengers(CAMP)
: due to receptors action activating cytoplasmic system
i.e
Hormone/receptor complex activates adenyl cylase= conversion of ATP to CAMP
3. CAMP brings about all effects on the target organ

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13
Q

Examples of second messengers are

A
  1. CAMP
  2. Calcium ions/associated calmodulin
  3. products of membrane phospholipid breakdown e.g inositol triphosphate and diacyl gylcerol
  4. Cyclic GMP( cGMP)
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14
Q

What are the physiological responses to cAMP

A
  1. Alteration of membrane permeability
  2. Muscle contraction or relaxation
  3. activation of enzymes
  4. Protein synthesis
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15
Q

What is the action of calcium as a second messenger

A

Calcium ions binds with calmodulin which has 3-4 bind sites
Calmodulin is activated causing effects
It activates enzymes apart from CAMP activated enzymes leading to more effects
It finally activates myosin kinase which acts directly on myosin of smooth muscle leading to smooth muscle contraction

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of steroids hormones

A
  1. Hormones enters the cytoplasm and binds with the specific receptor
  2. Transport protein diffuses the hormone receptor protein complex into the nucleus
  3. The complex combines with DNA , activates specific genes to form MRNA
  4. the MRNA diffuses back into the cytoplasm to form new protein
  5. The protein forms enzymes, transport protein, structural protiens
17
Q

What is the mechanism of hormone inactivation

A 
There are 2 stages
1. Inactivation
2. Excretion of inactivated metabolite
Inactivation occur in 3 sites 
Liver, kidney , target ogans
Liver does more because of it conjugation property using glucoronide or sulphate . the conjugate is secreted into bile and excreted in feaces or it goes into the kidney through the bloodstream

Inactivation and excretion of oxytocin is by lactating mammary gland

18
Q

Pituitary gland is also known as
Its diameter is
It weighs

A

Hypophysis
1cm
0.5-1g

19
Q

Ant pituitary gland is also called——
Embryologically it originates from —
Its major role is
It has ——cell types

A 
Adenohypophysis
Rathke's pouch ,an invagination of pharyngeal epithelium
Control of metabolic function
5 which are
Somatotrophes=
Corticotropes
Thyropes
Gonadotropes
Lactotropes
20
Q

Post pituitary gland is also called
Embryologically it originates from
2 peptide hormones are

A

Neurohypopysis
Neural tissue outgrowth from the hypothalamus
Adh and oxytocin

21
Q

Secretory cells of PPG are—–

located in ——

A

They are magnocellular neurons
Outside the pituitary gland: in the supraoptic nuclei for ADH
and paraventicular nuclei for oxytocin which are both located in the hypothalamus
Neurophysis transport the hormones from the hypothalamus to the PPG for release and storage due to nerve impulse

22
Q

Function of GH

A
  1. Its diabetogenic: it causes elevation of blood sugar by antagonizing insulin
  2. It increase milk production
  3. It increases bone growth length
  4. It has control over several metabolic activities
  5. It increases general body growth
23
Q

Mechanism of action of GH

A

GH courses the liver to other tissues where it forms several small protein somatomadins which concentration is directly proportional to the rate of GH secretion . it has an effect on increasing all growth

24
Q

Factors regulating GH secretion

A

GHRH
GHIH
Which are found in the ventromedial part of the hypothalamus

25
Q

How is GH secretions regulated

A

Ghrh acts by attaching specific cell membrane receptors to surfaces of growth hormone cells in the pituitary gland
The receptor activates adenyl cyclase inside the cell membrane increasing intracellular level of cAMP

REFRESH ACTION OF hormoneS

26
Q

Normal conc of GH is — in adults

  • — in children
  • —– after prolonged starvation
A

1.6-3ng
5-8ng/ml
50ng/ml

27
Q

Factor affecting growth

A 
GH
Thyroid H
Androgen
Insulin
Genetic faction
Adequate nutrition
Somatomadins
Estrogens
Glucocorticoids
28
Q

Periods of rapid growth are

A

Infancy: DUE to continuation of fetal growth period , tgere is 0.5-2.5cm within the first few days
Late puberty : due to GH, ANDROGEN, ESTROGENS

29
Q

Abnormalities of GH secretions are

A

Dwarfism
Pan hypo pituitarism
Acromegaly
Gigantism

30
Q

Thyroid gland is formed from

A

An evagination of the floor of the pharynx

31
Q

What are the major function of thyroid gland

A

Secretion of thyroid hormone which: maintain all level of metabolism, regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, stimulate o2 consumption

Secretion of calcitonin: which regulate the circulation of calcium

32
Q

Hyperthyroidism leads to

A

Excess heat production

Increase of heart beat above 100beat/min

33
Q

How does thyroid gland relate to heat production

A

Signal is sent to the hypothalamus
The hypothalamus signals the thyroid gland for secretion
Action of the hormone leads to increase in body metabolism, oxygen consumption= heat generation
Results into sweating or shivering

Endocrinology (6 decks)

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