Introduction to Endocrine Flashcards by Eric Pohlen

what are the 4 types of hormone signaling

endocrine: send a hormone through the bloodstream
autocrine: hormone is signalled on itsself
paracrine: cell signals onto a cell next to it
Neurocrine: a nerve sends hormone through the blood stream to a cell

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What are a couple hormones modified by peripheral conversion

Angiotensin II and Vitamin D

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Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

TRH Thyrotropin releasing hormone
CRH Corticotropin releasing hormone
GnRH Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Somatostatin
Dopamine or prolactin inhibiting factor

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Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone

FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone

LH - Luteinizing hormone

ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone

MSH - Melanocyte - stimulating hormone

Growth hormone

Prolactin

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Hormones released by the Posterior Pituitary

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

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Hormones released by the Thyroid

Triiodothyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4)

Calcitonin

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Hormones released by the Parathyroid

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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Hormones released by the Adrenal Cortex

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
and Anderostenedione
(adrenal androgens)

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Hormones released by the testes

Testosterone

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Hormones released by the ovaries

Estradiol

Progesterone

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Hormones released by the Corpus Luteum

Estradiol

Progesterone

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Hormones released by the Placenta

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

Human Placental lactogen (hPL)

Estriol

Progesterone

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Hormones released by the Pancreas

Insulin (beta cells)

Glucagon (alpha cells)

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Hormones released by the Kidney

Renin

1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

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Hormones released by the Adrenal Medulla

Norepinephrine

Epinepherine

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What are the three general classes of hormones

Protein/peptide hormones:

stored in vesicles
greater than 100 a.a are proteins
smaller than 100 a.a are peptides
water soluable

Steroid hormones:

synthesized from cholestrol
lipid soluable
not stored

Amines:
-derived from tyrosine

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What is the process of Protein and peptide hormone synthesis

synthesized as non functional prepprohormone

modified in ER to prohormone and then packed into vesicles

once needed they are cleaved by a proteoytic enzyme to form a functional hormone

then stored in vesicle until endocrine cell stimulus causes release
-increased cAMP and PKA activation

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What are the steroid hormones and what are they derived from

Cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, testosterone, and 1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol

derived from cholesterol

modifications via the addition or removal of side chains

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What are the amine hormones derived from and what are the two groups

Tyrosine

Catecholamines:

synthesized in cytosol and secretory granules
act through cell membrane associated receptors
cant cross cell membrane

THyroid hormones:

synthesized by thyroid gland stored as thyroglobulin in follicles
can cross the cell membrane and acts on a nuclear receptor

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What is the correlation of a hormones protein binding percentage, plasma half life, and Metabolic clearance

the higher the Protein binding percentage the longer the plasma half life of the hormone and the slower its clearance

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What is endocrine positive feedback

some feature of the hormone action causes additional secretion of the hormone

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What is endocrine negative feedback

some feature of the hormone action inhibits the further secretion of the hormone

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What is a long loop feedback

Hormone released from the 3rd tier (peripheral endocrine) feeds all the way back to the 1st (hypothalamus) and 2nd tier (pituitary)

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What is a short loop feedback

Hormone secreted from the 2nd tier back to the 1st tier

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Ultra short loop feedback

gland inhibits its own secretion

What are three major neuronal inputs that regulate the hypothalamus

``` Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - impose a circadian rhythm on the secretion of hormones ``` Pineal gland: -releases melatonin which feedbacks to the SCN information about day and night Physiological stress influences the release of hormones from the hypothalamus

Up regulation of the receptor ligand interaction

increase the number of receptors or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are low - increase the synthesis of new receptors - decrease the degradation of existing receptors - activating receptors

Down regulation of receptor ligand interaction

Reduce the receptor numbers or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are high - decrease in receptor synthesis - increase degradation of existing receptors - Inactivating/desensitizing receptors

How can responsiveness to for the ligand receptor hormone interaction

change the number of receptors | change the affinity of the receptors for the hormone

what hormones use Adenylyl cyclase and what is the 2nd messenger and secondary effector

ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH and glucagon 2nd mesenger is cAMP 2nd effector is the Protein Kinase A

what hormones use the Phospholipase C and what is the 2nd messenger and effector

GnRH, TRH, oxytocin 2nd messenger: IP3/DAG/Ca2+ Secondary effector: PKC or calmodulin

What are the two types of Tyrosine kinases and what are some hormones that use them

Receptor Tyrosine kinases - intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity - Nerve growth factor (NGF) - Insulin Tyrosine kinase associated receptors: - associate non covalent to proteins that have kinase activity - Growth hormones

What is the function of: Thyrotropin releasing hormone

stimulation of TSH and prolactin

What is the function of: Corticotropin releasing hormone

Stimulates the secretion of ACTH

What is the function of: Gonadotropin releasing hormone

stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH

What is the function of: Somatostatin or SRIF

Inhibits secretion of growth hormone

What is the function of: Dopamine or PIF

inhibits the secretion of prolactin

What is the function of: Growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH

Stimulates secretion of growth hormone

What is the function of: Thyroid stimulating hormone

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

What is the function of: Follicle stimulating hormone

Stimulates sperm maturation in sertoli cells of testes | stimulates follicular development and estrogen sythesis in ovaries

What is the function of: Luteinizing hormone

Stimulates testosterone synthesis in leydig cells of testes Stimlates ovulation formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

What is the function of: Growth hormone

Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth

What is the function of: Prolactin

Stimulates milk production and secretion in breast

What is the function of: ACTH

stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, aldosterone)

What is the function of: MSH

stimulates melanin synthesis

What is the function of: Oxytocin

stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions

What is the function of: Antidiuretic hormone

Stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles

What is the function of: T3 and T4

``` Stimulates skeletal growth oxygen consumption heat production protein fat and carbohydrate utilization Perinatal maturation of the CNS ```

What is the function of: calcitonin

Decrease serum Ca+

What is the function of: PTH

Increase serum Ca+

What is the function of: Cortisol (gluccorticoid)

Stimulates gluconeogenesis inhibits inflammatory response suppresses immune response enhances vasclar responsiveness to catecholmines

What is the function of: Aldosterone (mineralcorticoids)

Increase renal Na+ reabsorption renal K+ secretion and H+ secretion

What is the function of: DHEA (adrenal androgens)

stimulates secondary sex characteristics

What is the function of: Testosterone

Stimulates spermatogenesis | stimulates male secondary characteristics

What is the function of: Estradiol

``` Stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system follicular phase of mestrual cycle development of breasts Prolactin secretion maintains pregnancy ```

What is the function of: Progesterone

Stimulates luteal phase of menstraul cycle | maintains pregnancy

What is the function of: Human chorionic gonadotropin

Stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of early pregnancy

What is the function of: Human placental lactogen

Has growth hormone and prolactin like actions during pregnancy

What is the function of: insulin

decrease blood glucose

What is the function of: glucagon

increase blood glucose

What is the function of: renin

catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

What is the function of: 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

increase intestinal absoprtion of Ca+ and bone mineralization

WHat hormones use the Adenyl cyclase mechanism

``` ACTH LH FSH TSH ADH HCG MSH CRH Calcitonin PTH Glucagn B1 and B2 receptors ```

What hormones use the Phospholipase C mechanism

``` GnRH TRH GHRH Angiotensin II ADH Oxytocin A1 receptors ```

What hormones use the steroid Hormone mechanism

``` GLucocorticoids Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone Aldosterone 1, 25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol Thyroid hormones ```

What hormones use the Tyrosine kinase mechanism

Insulin IGF-1 Growth hormone Prolactin

what hormones use the Guanylate Cyclase Mechanism

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | Nitric oxide

Introduction to Endocrine Flashcards

(67 cards)