Introduction to Endocrinology Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
STUDY of processes involved in the regulation and integration of cells and organ system
A
ENDOCRINOLOGY
2
Q
Metabolic activity in the body can be REGULATED BY?
A
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
3
Q
Main functioning unit
A
HORMONE
4
Q
Regulatory system of the body
A
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
5
Q
Group/network of ductless gland of internal secretion
A
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
6
Q
Hormone is necessary for?
A
Normal growth, development, reproduction, hemeostasis
7
Q
Name the MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
A
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Adrenal gland
- Islet of Langerhans (pancreas)
- Ovaries
- Testes
8
Q
Endocrine system is REGULATED BY MEANS OF?
A
Control of hormone synthesis rather than by degradation
9
Q
What ENABLES THE CONTROL of the overall function of the endocrine system?
A
HORMONE FORMATION
10
Q
Refers to the collection of hormones
A
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
11
Q
Where does “endocrine” comes from?
A
Greek words
“Endo”
“Crine”
12
Q
Name all DEDICATED endocrine glands.
A
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Adrenal gland
- Endocrine pancreas
- Ovaries
- Testes
13
Q
A chemical messenger
A
HORMONE
14
Q
Act as messenger molecules in the body
A
HORMONES
15
Q
In what forms can hormones be?
A
Proteins, lipids/fats, amino acids
16
Q
Could AFFECT METABOLIC ACTIVITY of a cell or tissues
A
HORMONES
17
Q
Allows hormones to bind
A
RECEPTOR
18
Q
Promote increase of PLASMA GLUCOSE
A
GLUCAGON AND CORTISOL
19
Q
True / False :
Each hormone is produced by a non-specific gland.
A
FALSE; specific
20
Q
Produced by specialized cells
A
CHEMICAL SIGNALS
21
Q
Secreted into the bloodstream and carried to a target site of action as free hormone or bound to transport protein
A
CHEMICAL SIGNALS via specialized cells
22
Q
What role of hormone does injection of hormones or therapy to produce secondary characteristics such as body transformation falls to?
A
Controls the biochemical changes
23
Q
Explain POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM.
A
Increased product = system activity & production rate
24
Q
Explain NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM.
A
Increased product ≠ system activity & production rate
25
There is reinforcement
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
26
Major function of Negative Feedback Mechanism
To maintain constant of chemical composition of ECF and ICF.
27
Example of stimulating or releasing hormone
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
28
Hormones secreted can be STIMULATED AND INHIBITED BY...
1. Other hormones
2. Plasma concentrations of ions or nutrients + binding globulins
3. Neurons and mental activity
4. Environmental changes
29
Affects the level of calcium
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
30
Proteins that will COMBINE with plasma
BINDING GLOBULINS
31
True / False : High binding globulin level will not affect the hormone level.
TRUE; low BG : H is affected
32
May INHIBIT hormones
Level of nutrients in plasma
33
Environmental changes may took place with
Light or temperature
34
Enumerate all TYPICAL HORMONE ROLES
1. Stress Response
2. Maintenance of Hemeostasis
3. Regulation of Episodic / Cyclic Events
4. Growth / Overall Regulation
5. Hormones may have more than 1 function
35
Under what hormone role is CORTISOL and EPINEPHRINE; what are they for?
STRESS RESPONSE; Heart rate regulation, blood pressure regulation, inflammation
36
Under what hormone role is INSULIN, GLUCAGON, and CORTISOL; what are they for?
MAINTENANCE OF HEMEOSTASIS; regulate blood glucose level and energy supply, hemeostasis
37
A hypoglycemic agent
INSULIN
38
Takes effect when the plasma glucose is high
INSULIN
39
A hyperglycemic agent
GLUCAGON AND CORTISOL
40
Under what hormone role is ESTROGEN, INSULIN, and OXYTOCIN; what are they for?
REGULATION OF EPISODIC / CYCLIC EVENTS; regulation of lactation among lactating mothers, pregnancy, effects of eating
41
Under what hormone role is GROWTH FACTORS, TROPIC HORMONES?
GROWTH / OVERALL REGULATION
42
Regulates PRODUCTION OF OTHER types of hormones
TROPICS
43
Another example of hormone for growth / overall regulation
ACTH
44
Examples of hormone with more than one function
CORTISOL and insulin
45
Maintain hemeostasis
CORTISOL
46
Secreted in larger amounts in response to stress
CORTISOL
47
Enumerate all the PATTERNS OF HORMONE COMMUNICATION.
1. Autocrine
2. Paracrine
3. Endocrine
4. Neuroendocrine
5. Juxtacrine
6. Exocrine
7. Neurocrine
48
Hormone secreted by a cell and acts on that cell
AUTOCRINE
49
What does "auto" means?
"SELF"
50
Where does endocrine bind to?
SPECIFIC RECEPTOR OF THE CELL
51
Autocrine results in what?
Self-regulation of its function
52
Where does autocrine, via cells, secrete?
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
53
Affect the function of the same cells that produced them by binding to cell surface receptor
AUTOCRINES
54
Hormone secreted by a cell and act on nearby cells
PARACRINE
55
Where is paracrine released?
INTERSTITIAL CELL
56
Binds to the receptor of the adjacent cells
PARACRINE
57
Where does paracrine secreted?
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
58
Affects neighboring cells of different types
PARACRINE
59
True / False : Hormones secreted into the extracellular space cannot regulate nearby cells without passing through the systemic circulation.
FALSE; can also regulate
60
True / False : Hormones secreted into the extracellular space cannot regulate or specialized
61
Endocrine is released into the circulating blood by either what?
GLANDS OR SPECIALIZED CELLS
62
What do endocrine hormones influence?
The function of cells at another location or parts of the body
63
What type of circulation is involved in endocrine?
SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION
64
Hormones secreted by nerve cells—the endocrine cell is neuron—into the blood
NEUROENDOCRINE
65
Also involved in secreting hormones
NEURON
66
Neuroendocrine acts on what?
DISTANT TARGET CELLS
67
Juxtacrine is secreted in?
ENDOCRINE CELLS
68
Juxtacrine remain in relation (only) to what?
PLASMA MEMBRANE in the surface
69
From the plasma membrane, this hormone could have an immediate effect or cell-to-cell contact on the receptor of adjacent cell
JUXTACRINE
70
Not released in the external environment
JUXTACRINE
71
Secreted exocrines are released into?
LUMEN OF THE GI TRACT
72
Could affects the function of the gut by binding to target receptors
EXOCRINE
73
State the difference between neuroendocrine and neurocrine.
Neuroendocrine : distant cell
Neurocrine : neighboring / nearby / adjacent cell
74
What action does "Hormones must maintain the consistency of the chemical composition of the extracellular and intracellular fluid," fall into?
REGULATORY FUNCTION
75
In regulatory function, concentration in and out of the cell must maintain in what?
HOMEOSTASIS
76
True / False: In Regulatory Function, hormones play an important role in controlling the growth of the particular cell, bones, and tissues as part of the growth cycle of individual cells.
FALSE; morphogenesis
77
True / False : In Integrative Action, each hormones has a specific function, therefore, several or different endocrine hormones cannot execute function as one.
FALSE; can
78
Enumerate all ACTIONS OF HORMONES.
1. Regulatory Function
2. Morphogenesis
3. Integrative Function
79
All proteins are synthesized where?
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
80
It is synthesized in polyribosomes as larger precursors, known as a PREHORMONES / PREPROHORMONES
SECRETORY PEPTIDES
81
Secretory peptides is synthesized in the form of what?
SECRATORIC GLAND
82
When there's a need for these (secretory peptide) hormones, those secretory granules will do what?
CLEAVING TO RELEASE THESE HORMONES
83
What are the possible storage form for peptides or protein hormones?
SECRRTORY GRANULES / VESICLES
84
Produce their effects on the outer surface of the cell; destined for secretion outside the cell
PEPTIDES / PROTEIN HORMONES
85
True / False : Peptides / Protein hormones can cross the cell membrane.
FALSE; cannot
86
True / False : Peptides / Protein hormones are free form, water-soluble, and bound to carrier protein.
FALSE; not bound
87
Is peptides / protein hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
HYDROPHILIC
88
True / False: Most of the hormones that exist in the body are amines / amino acid derived hormone.
FALSE; peptide / protein hormone
89
Enumerate examples of glycoprotein.
Parathyroid hormone, erythropoietin, thyroid hormone, hCG
90
Enumerate examples of polypeptides.
ACTH, ADH/VH, GH, Angiostensin, Calcitonin, Cholecystokinin, Gastrin, Glucagon, Insulin, MSH, Oxytocin, PTH, Prolactin, Somatosin
