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Clinical Chemistry 2 > Thyroid Hormones > Flashcards

Thyroid Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Thyroid gland is also known as?

A

BUTTERFLY-SHAPED GLAND

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2
Q

This butterfly-shaped gland is consists of what?

A

TWO LOBES that are attached on each side of TRACHEA, located in the LOWER PART OF THE NECK, just BELOW THE VOICE BOX—LARYNX

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3
Q

Term called the narrow band connecting these lobes?

A

ISTHMUS

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4
Q

When does the gland begins to produce measurable amount of hormones?

A

11 WEEKS OF GESTATION / ALMOST 3 MONTHS

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5
Q

What is the fundamental structural unit of thyroid gland?

A

FOLLICLE

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6
Q

What are the two types of thyroid gland cells?

A
  1. FOLLICULAR CELLS
  2. PARAFOLLICULAR / C CELLS
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7
Q

What does follicular cell produce?

A
  1. TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) / 3,5,3’ TRIIODOTHYRONINE
  2. TETRAIODOTHYROXINE / 3,5,3”* TETRAIODOTHYROXINE / THYROXINE (T4)
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8
Q

What does parafollicular cell / c cells produce?

A

CALCITONIN

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9
Q

A glycoprotein that acts as a preformed matrix

A

THYROGLOBULIN

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10
Q

The preformed matrix of thyroglobulin contains?

A

TYROSYL GROUP

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11
Q

Thyroglobulin is stored in?

A

FOLLICULAR COLLOID

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12
Q

One way to produce thyroid hormones?

A

IODINE-RICH FOOD CONSUMPTION

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13
Q

While the thyroid gland gatherd ______, it is also forming ______

A

IODINE
THYROGLOBULIN

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14
Q

Thyroid gland has the capacity of what?

A

ACTIVE / AUTOMATIC ABSORPTION

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15
Q

What is iodine in thyroid system?

A

MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS of thyroid hormones

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16
Q

Iodination of tyrosine residues results in formation of what?

A
  1. MONOIODOTYROSINE (MT)
  2. DIIODOTYROSINE (DIT)
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17
Q

What does thyroid-stimulating hormones do?

A

STIMULATE THE SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES

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18
Q

What is the sub-unit of thyroglobulin?

A

TYROSINE

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19
Q

Describe protein-bound thyroid hormones

A
  1. METABOLICALLY ACTIVE
  2. DO NOT ENTER CELLS
  3. BIOLOGICALLY INERT
  4. STORAGE SITE FOR CIRCULATING THYROID HORMONES
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20
Q

In order for T3 and T4 to be unformed, what should be done?

A

REMOVE TYROSINE FROM T3 AND T4

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21
Q

Where does the removal of tyrosine happens?

A

KIDNEYS AND/OR LIVER

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22
Q

What does the removal of tyrosine forms?

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A

FREE T3 AND FREE T4

23
Q

True / False: The minute levels of free hormone fractions readily enters cells by non-specific membrane transport mechanism to exert their non-biological effects.

Study These Flashcards
A

FALSE; SPECIFIC AND BIOLOGICAL

24
Q

True / False: The effects are mediated by T4 receptors located in the endothelial cell.

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A

FALSE; T3 AND NUCLEUS

25
Without this, thyroid gland will not be able to produce T3 and T4.
IODINE
26
Where is TSH produced?
PITUITARY GLAND
27
What happens to MIT and T3 when iodine resources diminished?
Both MIT and T3 is INCREASED
28
Explain the concept of Reverse T3.
It is produced by the REMOVAL OF ONE IODINE FROM THE INNER RING OF T4; INACTIVE PRODUCT
29
Other term for MIT?
T1
30
Other term for DIT?
T2
31
Differentiate free form from reverse.
FREE FORM IS REMOVAL OF TYROSINE FROM T3 AND T4, where REVERSE IS REMOVAL OF ONLY 1 IODINE
32
A neuroendocrine system that regulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS (HPTA)
33
Indicative of deficiency of hormone secretion
IODINE INTAKE OF 50PG/DAY
34
Enumerate functions of thyroid hormones.
1. FOR TISSUE GROWTH 2. FOR MENTAL DEVELOPMENT 3. FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 4. ELEVATED HEAT PRODUCTION 5. CONTROL OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION 6. IT INFLUENCE CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN METABOLISM 7. FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
35
Explain thyroid hormone biosynthesis.
Refer to illustration
36
Triiodothyronine (T3) / 3,5,3' triiodothyronine is considered as what?
HAS THE MOST ACTIVE THYROID HORMONAL ACTIVITY
37
How many percent is produced from the tissue deiodination of T4-conversion of T4 to T3?
75-80%
38
Production of T3 is usually happens in?
KIDNEYS AND LIVER
39
What is the principal application of T3?
TO DIAGNOSE T3 THYROTOXICOSIS
40
Enumerate clinical significance of T3.
1. BETTER INDICATOR OF HYPERTHYROIDSM 2. FOR RECOGNITION OF REOCCURENCE " 3. FOR CONFIRMATION OF DIAGNOSIS "
41
What is the 1st abnormal indication of hyperthyroidism?
INCREASED PLASMA LEVEL OF T3
42
Give the reference value of T3 for adult and children.
ADULT: 60-160 pg/dL or 0.9-2.46 nmol/L CHILDREN: 1-14 years old - 105-245 ng/dL or 1.8-3.8 nmol/L
43
Tetraiodothyroxine / 3,5,3"* tetraiodothyroxine / thyroxine (T4) is known as
1. PRINCIPAL SECRETORY PRODUCT 2. PROHORMONE FOR T3 PRODUCTION
44
Tetraiodothyroxine / 3,5,3"* tetraiodothyroxine / thyroxine (T4) has the
MAJOR FRACTION OF ORGANIC IODINE IN THE CIRCULATION
45
Circulating T4 originates where and how many percent?
THYROID GLAND; 100%
46
Causes inhibition of TSH secretion, and vise versa.
ELEVATED TYROXINE (T4)
47
Give the reference value of T3 for adult and neonate.
ADULT: 5.5-12.5 pg/dL or 71-161 nmol/L NEONATE: 11.8-22.6 pg/dL or 152-292 nmol/L
48
Enumerate the different thyroid hormone binding proteins.
1. THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN (TBG) 2. THYROXINE-BINDING PRE-ALBUMIN / TRANSTHYRETIN 3. THYROXINE-BINDING ALBUMIN
49
Transports majority of T4
THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN (TBG)
50
Describe TBG's affinity.
T3 IS LOWER THAN T4
51
How many T4 does TBG transport?
70-75% OF TOTAL T4
52
How many T4 does transthyretin transport?
15-20% OF TOTAL T4
53
Describe transthyretin's affinity.
T3 HAS NO AFFINITY FOR PREALBUMIN
54
Thyroxine-binding albumin transports what?
T3 AND 10% OF T4

Clinical Chemistry 2 (3 decks)

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