Introduction to Epidemiology

Question 1

;Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states among specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems.

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

Epi means?

Answer 2

upon

Question 3

Demos means?

Answer 3

people

Question 4

Logos means?

Answer 4

study of

Question 5

Descriptive epidemiology.

Answer 5

Distribution

Question 6

Distribution of frequencies and patterns of health events (person, place, time) [Who, where, when] within groups in a population.

Answer 6

Distribution

Question 7

A branch of epidemiology that is about the causes; root cause; how and whys].
Search for causes or factors that are associated with increased risk or probability of disease “who” “what” “where” “when” “how” and “why”.

Answer 7

Determinants

Question 8

Infectious diseases, chronic disease, environmental problems, behavioral problems, and injuries.

Answer 8

Health-related states

Question 9

Groups of people rather than with individual patients.

Answer 9

Population

Question 10

Control the numbers.

Answer 10

Population

Question 11

Clinical medicine: signs and symptoms [getting the data from a specific person].

Answer 11

Population

Question 12

signs and symptoms [getting the data from a
specific person].

Answer 12

Clinical medicine

Question 13

In epidemiology, we are describing the situation and know the who, when, where, hows, and whys.

Answer 13

Clinical medicines

Question 14

Applied or field epidemiology.

Answer 14

Control

Question 15

Epidemiologic data results to public health decision making and aids in developing and evaluating interventions to control and prevent health problems.

Answer 15

Control

Question 16

[4] Steps in Solving Health Problems

Answer 16

1. Data collection
2. Assessment
3. Hypothesis testing
4. Action

Question 17

Surveillance; determine time, place, and person.

[steps in solving health prob]

Answer 17

Data collection

Question 18

Interference

[steps in solving health prob]

Answer 18

Assessment

Question 19

Determine how and why.

[steps in solving health prob]

Answer 19

Hypothesis testing

Question 20

Intervention

[steps in solving health prob]

Answer 20

Action

Question 21

[3] Theories of Disease Causation

Answer 21

1. Germ or Bacteriology Theory
2. Filth theory
3. Bad air

Question 22

Associates disease with the physical environment.

[theories of disease causation]

Answer 22

Filth theory

Question 23

Disease change with seasons, climate, temperature, overcrowding and filth.

[theories of disease causation]

Answer 23

Filth theory

Question 24

Diseases were due to poisonous substances and gases from the earth.

[theories of disease causation]

Answer 24

Filth theory

Question 25

was the cause of fever. [theories of disease causation]

Answer 25

Bad air

Question 26

Building huge fires can purify the air. [theories of disease causation]

Answer 26

Bad air

Question 27

Programs to remove filth likewise put up to serve to advance community sanitation. [theories of disease causation]

Answer 27

Bad air

Question 28

Koch confirmed Pasteur’s previous claims. [theories of disease causation]

Answer 28

Germ or Bacteriology Theory

Question 29

Disease is due to microscopic forms of life. [theories of disease causation]

Answer 29

Germ or Bacteriology Theory

Question 30

Opened the concepts of isolation and quarantine. [theories of disease causation]

Answer 30

Germ of Bacteriology Theory

Question 31

Measures to destroy and remove the bacteriological cause such as disinfection , fumigation and general cleanliness. [theories of disease causation]

Answer 31

Germ of Bacteriology Theory

Question 32

Explained the origins and spread of communicable disease. [theories of disease causation]

Answer 32

Bacteriology

Question 33

States that effects never depend on single isolated causes but rather develop as the result of chains of causation → result of complex genealogy and antecedents.

Answer 33

The web

Question 34

The host and agent are at the opposite ends of a hypothetical lever while the environment serves as the fulcrum.

Answer 34

Epidemiologic Lever

Question 35

External to the host and in which the agent may exist, survive, or originate.

Answer 35

The environment

Question 36

physical, climatologic, biologic, social and economic.

Answer 36

The environment

Question 37

water, humidity, geologic formations, etc. [environment]

Answer 37

Physical

Question 38

characteristics of a group of people. [environment]

Answer 38

Social

Question 39

enhance or diminish survival of agent.

Answer 39

Environment

Question 40

serve to bring agent and host into contact.

Answer 40

Environment

Question 41

reservoir that fosters the survival of infectious disease agent.

Answer 41

Environment

Question 42

Living organism or inanimate matter in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies on which the agent depends primarily for survival and reproduces itself in such manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host.

Answer 42

Reservoir

Question 43

[3] Reservoir of infection

Answer 43

1. Physical environment 2. Animals or insects 3. Human beings (main reservoirs)

Question 44

(+) infection and (+) disease

Answer 44

Cases

Question 45

(+) infection and (-) disease

Answer 45

Carriers

Question 46

Infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans.

Answer 46

Zoonotic disease

Question 47

[2] ex of Zoonotic Disease

Answer 47

rabies plague

Question 48

It is any element, substance, or force whether living or non-living, the presence or absence of which can initiate or perpetuate a disease process.

Answer 48

Agent

Question 49

[2] types of agent.

Answer 49

1. Non-living 2. Living

Question 50

[3] Non-living agents

Answer 50

1. Physical and mechanical 2. Chemicals 3. Nutrients

Question 51

Extremes of temperature, light, electricity, physical trauma. [non-living]

Answer 51

Physical and Mechanical

Question 52

Exogenous and Endogenous [non-living]

Answer 52

Chemical

Question 53

poisons.

Answer 53

Exogenous

Question 54

accumulation of toxic products of metabolism.

Answer 54

Endogenous

Question 55

Deficiency and Excess agents [non-living]

Answer 55

Nutrients

Question 56

anemia from iron deficiency. [nutrients]

Answer 56

Deficiency agents

Question 57

obesity from over-eating. [nutrients]

Answer 57

Excess agents

Question 58

Biological organism capable of causing disease.

Answer 58

Living agents

Question 59

He state that four postulates should be met before a causal relationship can be accepted between a particular bacterial parasite (or disease agent) and the disease in question.

Answer 59

Henle Koch 1877, 1882

Question 60

The agent must be shown to be present in every case of the disease by isolation in pure culture.

Answer 60

Henle Koch Postulate

Question 61

The agent must NOT be found in cases of other disease.

Answer 61

Henle Koch Postulate

Question 62

Once isolated, the agent must be capable of reproducing the disease in experimental animals.

Answer 62

Henle Koch Postulate

Question 63

Once isolated, the agent must be capable of reproducing the disease in experimental animals.

Answer 63

Henle Koch Postulate

Question 64

The agent must be recovered from the experimental disease produced.

Answer 64

Henle Koch Postulate

Question 65

Disease results from an imbalance between disease agent and man.

Answer 65

Epidemiologic Lever

Question 66

[5] Types of Living Agents

Answer 66

1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Fungi 4. Protozoans 5. Helminthes

Question 67

[2] Pathogenicity

Answer 67

1. High pathogenicity 2. Low pathogenicity

Question 68

Bacillus anthracis [pathogenicity]

Answer 68

High pathogenicity

Question 69

Candida albicans [pathogenicity]

Answer 69

Low pathogenicity

Question 70

Nonliving intermediates that act as the agents of transmission by indirect contact are referred to as?

Answer 70

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