Nature of Statistics and Data Processing

Question 1

Totality of methods and treatments employed in the collection, description, and analysis of numerical data. The purpose of descriptive statistics is to tell something about a particular group of observations.

Answer 1

Descriptive Statistics

Question 2

Logical process from sample analysis to a generalization or conclusion about a population.

It is called statistical inference or inductive statistics.

Answer 2

Inferential Statistics

Question 3

Consist of all the members of the group about which one wants to draw a conclusion.

Answer 3

Population

Question 4

Portion or part of the population used to describe the whole group.

Answer 4

Sample

Question 5

4 Random Sampling Technique

Answer 5

1. Simple random sampling
2. Systematic sampling
3. Stratified random sampling
4. Cluster sampling

Question 6

Whose members had an equal chance of being selected from the population; it is also called probability sampling.

Answer 6

Random Sampling Technique

Question 7

It is a process of selecting sample size in the population via random numbers or through lottery and not on a systematic pattern.

[random sampling technique]

Answer 7

Simple random sampling

Question 8

It is a process of selecting a kth element in the population until the desired number of subjects or respondents is attained.

[random sampling technique]

Answer 8

Systematic sampling

Question 9

A method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller sub-groups known as strata.

[random sampling technique]

Answer 9

Stratified random sampling

Question 10

It is a process of selecting clusters from a population which is very large or widely spread out over a wide geographical area.

[random sampling technique]

Answer 10

Cluster sampling

Question 11

Sampling procedure where samples selected in a deliberate manner with little or no attention to randomization; it is also called non-probability sampling.

Answer 11

Non-random Sampling Process

Question 12

It is a process of selecting a group of individuals who are available for study.

[non-random sampling]

Answer 12

Convenience sampling

Question 13

It is a process of selecting based from judgment to select a sample which the researcher believed, based on prior information, will provide the data they need, it is also called as judgment sampling.

[non-random sampling]

Answer 13

Purposive Sampling

Question 14

It is applied when an investigator survey collects information from an assigned number, or quota of individuals from one of several sample units fulfilling certain prescribed criteria or belonging to one stratum.

[non-random sampling]

Answer 14

Quota Sampling

Question 15

It is a technique in which one or more members of a population are located and used to lead the researchers to other members of the population.

[non-random sampling]

Answer 15

Snowball Sampling

Question 16

It is a technique when samples are composed of respondents who are self-selected into the study/survey. Most of the time, samples have a strong interest in the topic of the study.

[non-random sampling]

Answer 16

Voluntary Sampling

Question 17

It is a technique when the researcher relies on his/her personal/sound judgment in choosing to participate in the study or the sample selected is based on the opinion of an expert.

[non-random sampling]

Answer 17

Judgement Sampling

Question 18

Information gathered from the sample/population.

Answer 18

Data

Question 19

Mutually exclusive and exhaustive; meaning it is used to differentiate classes or categories for purely classification or identification.

[noir]

Answer 19

Nominal

Question 20

Weakest form of measurement.

[noir]

Answer 20

Nominal

Question 21

Used in ranking. It is somewhat stronger form of measurement, because an observed value classified into one category is said to possess more of a property being scaled than does observed value classified into another category.

[noir]

Answer 21

Ordinal (order)

Question 22

They provide meaningful insights into attitudes, preferences, and behaviors by understanding the order of responses.

[noir]

Answer 22

Ordinal

Question 23

Used to classify order and differentiate between classes or categories in terms of degrees of differences.

[noir]

Answer 23

Interval

Question 24

Temperature and time often make use of this type of measurement, enabling precise comparisons and calculations.

[noir]

Answer 24

Interval

Question 25

Great for research in fields like science, engineering, and finance, where you need to use ratios, percentages, and averages to understand the data. [noir]

Answer 25

Ratio

Question 26

Concerned with editing, coding, classifying, tabulating and charting and diagramming research data.

Answer 26

Data processing

Question 27

6 Stages of Data Processing

Answer 27

1. Data collection 2. Data preparation 3. Data input 4. Data processing 5. Data output 6. Data storage and report writing

Question 28

First step in data processing. [stages of data processing]

Answer 28

Data collection

Question 29

It is important that the data sources available are trustworthy so the data collected is of the highest possible quality. [stages of data processing]

Answer 29

Data collection

Question 30

It enters once the data is collected. [stages of data processing]

Answer 30

Data preparation

Question 31

It is often referred to as “pre-processing”, this is where raw data is cleaned up and organized for the following stage of data processing. [stages of data]

Answer 31

Data preparation

Question 32

The purpose of this stage is to eliminate incomplete, or incorrect data and begin to create high quality data. [stages of data processing]

Answer 32

Data preparation

Question 33

The clean data is then entered. [stages of data processing]

Answer 33

Data input

Question 34

The first stage in which raw data begins to take the form of usable information. [stages of data processing]

Answer 34

Data input

Question 35

During this stage, the data inputted is being processed for interpretation. [stages of data processing]

Answer 35

Data processing

Question 36

In this stage at which data is finally usable to non-data scientists. [stages of data processing]

Answer 36

Data output

Question 37

It is translated to readable, and often in the form of graphs, videos, images or plain text. [stages of data processing]

Answer 37

Data output

Question 38

Final stage of data processing, it is stored for future use. Stages of data processing. [stages of data processing]

Answer 38

Data storage

Question 39

Conversion of verbal/written information into numbers which can be more easily encoded, counted and tabulated.

Answer 39

Data coding

Question 40

4 types of Codes

Answer 40

1. Field Code 2. Bracket Code 3. Factual Code 4. Pattern Code

Question 41

Actual value or information given by the respondent. [types of code]

Answer 41

Field code

Question 42

Recorded as a range of values rather than actual values. [types of code]

Answer 42

Bracket code

Question 43

Codes are assigned to a list of categories of a given variable. [types of code]

Answer 43

Factual code

Question 44

Applicable for questions with multiple responses. [types of code]

Answer 44

Pattern code

Question 45

A document which contains a record of all codes assigned to the responses to all questions in the data collection forms.

Answer 45

Coding Manual

Question 46

Inspection and correction of any errors or inconsistencies in the information collected.

Answer 46

Data Editing

Question 47

Entering the data/responses in a spreadsheet * MS Excel * MS Access * Epi Info

Answer 47

Data Encoding

Question 48

2 Types of Editing

Answer 48

1. Field editing 2. Central editing

Question 49

Reviewing the accomplished data collection forms. [types of editing]

Answer 49

Field editing

Question 50

Decoding of abbreviations or special symbols. [types of editing]

Answer 50

Field editing

Question 51

Making callbacks/messages for verification /clarification of incomplete answers. [types of editing]

Answer 51

Field editing

Question 52

Checking of inconsistencies and incorrect entries after receiving the questionnaire from the field. [types of editing]

Answer 52

Central editing

Question 53

Checking of encoded data. [types of editing]

Answer 53

Central editing

Question 54

Formula used to determine how much of the population will be included as part.

Answer 54

Slovin's Formula