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Small Animal Surgery > Introduction to Fractures > Flashcards

Introduction to Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stress?

A

External force applied to any cross-sectional area

“Cause”

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2
Q

What is a strain?

A

Deformation of a loaded material from it’s original form

“Effect”

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3
Q

How many types of strain are there?

A

3

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4
Q

How many types of strain characteristics are there?

A

2

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5
Q

How many characteristics of strain should WE think of?

A

5

NOTE: Huck says she won’t ask us these…

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6
Q

What is tensile strain?

A

Object is lengthened

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7
Q

What is compressive strain?

A

Object is shortened

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8
Q

What is shear strain?

A

Object is pushed from two opposite directions at the top and bottom

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9
Q

What 2 strains is bending a combination of?

A

Tensile on the long side

Compressive on the short side

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10
Q

What 3 strains is torsion a combination of?

A

Tensile
Compressive
Shear

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11
Q

What is deformation?

A

Change in shape d/t stress (application of force)

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12
Q

What is elastic deformation?

A

Reversible change

Returns to original shape after load is removed

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13
Q

What is plastic deformation?

A

Permanent change

Does NOT return to original shape after load is removed

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14
Q

What is the yield point?

A

Point when material begins to deform plastically (permanently)

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15
Q

What is the ultimate failure point?

A

Point when material fails

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16
Q

What is porosity?

A

Ratio of open space to total bone.

Open Space:Total Bone

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17
Q

What 2 characteristics does a high porosity give to bone?

A

Long elastic phase

Lower yield point

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18
Q

What characteristic does low porosity give to bone?

A

Steep and short plastic phase (brittle)

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19
Q

What is the porosity of cancellous bone?

A

75-95%

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20
Q

What is the porosity of cortical bone?

A

5-10%

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21
Q

What are the 2 properties of bone?

A

Viscoelastic

Anisotropic

22
Q

What does Viscoelastic mean?

A

Increased speed of loading increases material stiffness

NOTE: Think memory foam.

23
Q

What does Anisotropic mean?

A

Elasticity depends on the direction of loading

24
Q

When is bone stronger and what property of bone does this exhibit?

A

Bone is stronger and stiffer in compression.

Anisotropic property

25
Q

When is bone weakest and what property of bone does this exhibit?

A

Bone is weakest when shear stress is applied.

Anisotropic property

26
Q

What are the 5 ways we describe a fracture?

A 
Open vs. Closed
Location
Shape/Configuration of fracture
Displacement
Specific bone and side
27
Q

When taking RADs of a fx, what do you always need?

A

Orthogonal views

28
Q

What is the classification for a Type I Open Fx?

A

Wound smaller than 1cm

Typically created by bone fragment that retracts back through skin

NOTE: If this was caused by something stabbing INTO the wound from outside, would be worse because seeding the area with bacteria

29
Q

What is the classification for a Type II Open Fx?

A

Open wound >1cm

Wound from external source
Not flaps or avulsions

30
Q

What is the classification for a Type IIIA Open Fx?

A

Adequate soft tissue for wound coverage

31
Q

What is the classification for a Type IIIB Open Fx?

A

Extensive soft tissue loss
Bone exposure
Stripped periosteum (bone loses shiny white appearance)

32
Q

What is the classification for a Type IIIC Open Fx?

A

Arterial +/- nerve supply to distal limb compromised

Required microvascular surgery OR amputation

33
Q

What is the FIRST priority in initial management of an open fracture?

A

Systemic stabilization

34
Q

What does systemic stabilization of the open fracture entail?

A

Cover wound with sterile dressing and evaluate when patient is more stable.

35
Q

Once the open fracture patient is stable, what are your next 5 steps?

A

Wear gloves
Assess tissue damage, vascular and nerve supply
Assess neurovascular status of distal limb
-May be difficult if analgesics already on board
Imaging
Clean wound, collect culture, start Cefazolin

NOTE: Collect culture AFTER cleaning wound

36
Q

What is a transverse fx?

A

Across the bone, separated into two pieces

37
Q

What is an oblique fx?

A

Fx on an angle of 30 degrees (???) or less, separated into two pieces

38
Q

What is a spiral fx?

A

Exactly what it sounds like, separated into two pieces

39
Q

What is a comminuted, reducible fx?

A

More than two pieces, but can put them back together.

40
Q

What is a comminuted, nonreducible fracture?

A

More than two pieces, but CANNOT put them back together.

41
Q

What are the 3 types of fracture configuration in a long bone?

A

Complete vs. Incomplete (greenstick)
Simple vs. Comminuted (segmental, butterfly)
Long vs. Short Oblique
-Long oblique = length of fx(mm) >2x diameter of diaphysis (shaft)

42
Q

What are the 5 anatomical locations of a fracture?

A 
Epiphyseal (proximal vs distal)
Metaphyseal (proximal vs distal)
Diaphyseal (proximal vs middle vs distal)
Physeal (Skeletally immature ONLY)
Articular (through a joint surface)
43
Q

What is a more specific anatomical location of a fracture?

A

Condylar or Supracondylar or Intracondylar

NOTE: For humerus or femur

44
Q

What is a Salter-Harris fx?

A

A fracture that involves the epiphyseal plate

45
Q

What is a Type I Salter-Harris fx?

A

Straight across epiphyseal plate

S

46
Q

What is a Type II Salter-Harris fx?

A

Above the epiphyseal plate

A

47
Q

What is a Type III Salter-Harris fx?

A

Lower than epiphysial plate

L

48
Q

What is a Type IV Salter-Harris fx?

A

Through the epiphyseal plate (perpendicular to)

T

49
Q

What is a Type V Salter-Harris fx?

A

ERasure of growth plate

ER

50
Q

What are the most common Salter-Harris fx?

A

Type 2 and 3

51
Q

What is displacement?

A

When the ends of the fracture do not line up

52
Q

How do you describe displacement?

A

Based on the distal segment

Proximal (overriding) vs. distal
Medial vs. lateral
Cranial vs. caudal

Small Animal Surgery (13 decks)

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