Introduction to Genetics

Question 1

Fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called homonculus

Answer 1

Preformation
1600

Question 2

an organism develops from the fertilized egg by a succession of developmental events that eventually transform the egg into an adult.

Answer 2

Epigenesis

Question 2

Contradicted theory of preformation (homunculus- a miniature adult in the egg)

Answer 2

Theory of epigenesis

Question 3

Father of Medicine
Gods are not responsible for disease

Answer 3

Hippocrates 500 B.C.

Question 3

William Harvey had significant contributions to embryology with the publication of his book

established several theories that would set the stage for modern embryology

Answer 3

Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium in 1651

Question 4

Theory of epigenesis author

contributions to anatomy and physiology

best known for his accurate description of how blood circulates

Answer 4

William Harvey 1578-1657.

Question 4

All living things are composed of one or more cells.

Question 5

Cell Theory contributors

Answer 5

Matthias Schleiden (Botanist)
Theodor Schwann (Physiologist)
Rudolph Virchow (Physician)

Question 5

Cells come only from pre- existing cells.

Answer 5

“Omnis cellula e cellula”

Question 6

Virus are not capable of reproducing on their own = not living things

Answer 6

true

Question 7

what theory was debunked with the formation of the cell theory

Answer 7

Spontaneous generation

Question 8

what shape are the chormosomes when they are dividing?

Answer 8

they have the x shape indicating sister chromatids

Question 8

The chromosome theory of inheritance:
* The following were identified

Answer 8

• Chromosomes
• Diploid number
• Homologous chromosomes * Cell division
• Mitosis
• Meiosis
• Haploid number

Question 9

what shape are the chormosomes when they are in a normal state?

Answer 9

2 straight lines, as they indicate that they have finished replication

Question 10

published the On the Origin of Species
* Describes ideas about evolution
* Natural selection

Answer 10

Darwin

Question 11

what did Darwin publish?

Answer 11

On the Origin of Species

Question 12

Populations tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support, leading to a struggle for survival

Answer 12

true

Question 13

Those individuals with heritable traits that allow them to adapt to their environment are better able to survive and reproduce than those with less adaptive traits

Answer 13

true

Question 14

If a population carrying these inherited variations becomes reproductively isolated, a new species may result.

Answer 14

true

Question 15

The better traits, more ability to produce offspring

Answer 15

true

Question 16

Darwin lacked an understanding of the genetic basis of variation and inheritance, a gap that left his theory open to reasonable criticism well into the twentieth century.

Answer 16

true

Question 16

Published a paper showing how “traits” were passed from generation to generation in pea plants

Not popularly known until it was duplicated in studies of (around 1900)

Answer 16

Mendel

Question 17

the inheritance of variegated leaf color four o’clock plants Mirabilis jalapa

Answer 17

Carl Correns

Question 17

Mutations in evening primrose Oenothera lamarckiana

Answer 17

Hugo de Vries

Question 18

Independent work with peas Pisum sativum

Answer 18

Erich Tschermak

Question 18

More replicates of the study = more strength in the claim

Answer 18

true

Question 19

Genetics progressed from Mendel to DNA in less than a __________

Answer 19

century

Question 20

Roles of chromosomes in cell division and heredity.

Answer 20

Theodor Boveri

Question 20

 Proposed the chromosome theory of inheritance. Hypothesized that the segregation and assortment of chromosomes during cell division could explain the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

Answer 20

Walter Sutton

Question 21

experiments with Drosophila provided strong evidence that genes are located on chromosomes and that their arrangement on chromosomes influences inheritance patterns.

Answer 21

Thomas Hunt Morgar

Question 22

-Inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining continuity from generation to generation

Answer 22

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Question 23

-A study on eye color variation was produced by a mutation in one of the genes controlling eye color. Mutations are defined as any heritable change in the DNA sequence and are the source of all genetic variation.

Answer 23

Genetic variation

Question 24

Back then it was believed that proteins were responsible for holding genetic information, but now it is widely known that DNA holds it.

Answer 24

true

Question 25

Discovery of the double helix launched the era of molecular genetics

Answer 25

true

Question 25

Which chemical component of chromosomes carries genetic information?

Answer 25

DNA

Question 26

* 1920s Scientists knew that proteins and DNA were the major chemical components of chromosomes. * A large number of different proteins present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm so

Answer 26

true

Question 27

explain gene expession rom DNA to phenotype

Answer 27

Alleles has the DNA sequence that codes the protein to make the pigment, not directly making pigment from DNA One DNA sequence can produce varying proteins due to variants of mRNA sequences (alternative splicing) Epigenetics can also make a variation in DNA transcription

Question 28

Did dolly have a short life due to chromosomal telomere length or captivity conditions?

Answer 28

Dolly's relatively short lifespan (six years) was initially attributed to her shorter telomeres, suggesting possible premature aging. However, research later showed that her clones, and other cloned animals, did not exhibit any unusual health problems or shortened lifespans. While Dolly's shorter telomeres were a focus, the Roslin Institute's extensive health screening found no evidence of abnormalities related to her cloning

Question 29

Type of Protein Function catalyst Examples Digestive enzymes

Answer 29

Enzymatic

Question 30

Type of Protein Function Storage Examples Casein, proteins in seeds

Answer 30

storage

Question 30

Type of Protein Function support Examples Collagen, keratin, membrane, proteins

Answer 30

Structural

Question 30

Type of Protein Function Transport Examples Hemoglobin, carrier proteins

Answer 30

transport

Question 31

Type of Protein Function coordination Examples Insulin, auxin, gibberellin

Answer 31

Hormonal

Question 31

Type of Protein Function response Examples Receptors in nerve cells

Answer 31

Receptor

Question 32

Type of Protein Function Protection against diseases Examples antibodies

Answer 32

Defensive

Question 32

Type of Protein Function movement Examples Actin, myosin

Answer 32

Contractile and motor proteins

Question 33

Is the DNA sequence from the skin the same in the stomach?

Answer 33

Same

Question 34

______ variations are what makes us different from each other, otherwise our DNAs are the same

Answer 34

Allelic

Question 35

soil-borne bacteria, attacks and inserts their DNA to the cell Super random where it gets placed

Answer 35

agro bacterium

Question 35

Inserting genes in plants via

Answer 35

gene gun, agrobacterium

Question 36

shooting plants with super small beads with the DNA you want to incorporate in the plants Super random where it gets placed

Answer 36

Gene gun

Question 37

Advatage of crispr from Gene gun and agro bacterium

Answer 37

CRSPR - very specific cut and paste methods,

Question 38

Genetic studies only rely on the use of

Answer 38

model organisms

Question 39

model organisms

Answer 39

Genetically traceability Short generation time - reproduces quickly Small size - to handle easily and cost, genetic size in mind too Available and easy to maintain - where ethics come into play (not using nearly extinct animals) Similarity to humans and or target organism - chimpanzee, yeast Well defined genome/annotated - sequences are already readily available, named gene sequences and its functions Ethical considerations Research history - animals involved in previous genetic studies

Question 40

a person serving as the starting point for the genetic study of a family (used especially in medicine and psychiatry)

Answer 40

Proband

Question 41

structure, function, and behavior of chromosomes-the thread-like structures that carry genes especially during cell division.

Answer 41

Cytogenetics

Question 42

pertains to ratios that the traits pop up

Answer 42

Predictable patterns

Question 42

Breeding and Pedigree Analysis focuses on how traits are passed from one generation to the next. It is based on the pioneering work of Gregor Mendel, who discovered predictable patterns of inheritance in pea plants.

Answer 42

Transmission Genetics "Classical Genetics"

Question 43

structure and function of genes at the molecular level. It combines aspects of molecular biology and genetics to understand how genetic information is encoded, replicated, expressed, and regulated.

Answer 43

Molecular Genetics

Question 43

QTL ex the location of weight allele

Answer 43

quantitative trait locus

Question 43

study of complex traits or characteristics that are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. Can be quantified - example plants

Answer 43

Quantitative Genetics

Question 43

Key concepts and principles of Population Genetics

Answer 43

1. Genetic variation 2. Gene flow 3. Genetic drift 4. Natural selection 5. Genetic bottlenecks 6. Founder effect 7. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Question 44

Key concepts and principles of Quantitative Genetics

Answer 44

1. Polygenic inheritance 2. Influence of Environment Ex. temperature of the factors - can be quantified later on 3. Heritability Passing of genes to the offspring - quantifiable 4. Phenotypic variation Physical characteristics 5. Breeding and selection

Question 44

studies the distribution and changes in frequency of alleles (gene variants) in populations over time. It combines principles of genetics, evolutionary biology, mathematics, and statistics to understand how evolutionary forces shape genetic variation.

Answer 44

Population Genetics