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Immunology 7070 > Introduction to Immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunology Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Antibodies are aka what?

A

B cell receptors

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2
Q

Where do T cells mature/differentiate?

A

Thymus

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3
Q

Why do T cells need to mature?

A

In order to avoid autoimmune disease.

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4
Q

Where do B cells mature/differentiate?

A

Bone marrow

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5
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small, soluble molecules which act as communication molecules between cells.

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6
Q

What are perforin and granzyme?

A

Key mediators that can kill a cell via apoptosis.

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7
Q

What are the functions of perforin and granzymes?

A

Perforin creates holes in the cell and granzyme begins enzymatic breakdown of the cell’s insides.

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8
Q

Why are there so many redundancies in the immune systems?

A

To ensure that fail safes are in place.

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9
Q

What is the definition of stem cell?

A

A cell that is capable of self-renewing and converting into different cell types.

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10
Q

What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells have the capability to become any cell in the body while adult stem cells have already been programmed to become a specific cell type.

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11
Q

What two major factors shape stem cell differentiation?

A

The ENVIRONMENT where it develops and

The CYTOKINES and GROWTH FACTORS they are exposed to.

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12
Q

What are the major immune cell types in our system? How many are there?

A 
7
Neutrophils
Monocytes/Macrophages
DCs
Basophils
Mast cells
Eosinophils
And Lymphocytes
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13
Q

Which cells are the myeloid cells?

A

Everything but the lymphocytes (i.e. erythrocytes, platelets, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes)

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14
Q

If you have a bacterial infection, what cells do you most need?

A

Neutrophils are the first line of defence

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15
Q

Describe a neutrophil.

A

The most common WBC in circulation. One of two (other is monocyte) circulating phagocytic cells. Named for stained granules. Increased number are first sign of inflammation.

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16
Q

How do neutrophils work?

A

First line of defense. Rapidly released from bone marrow via blood to act on infection. Neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls to infected tissue and engulf by phagocytosis. Released very rapidly but very short lived (resolved a few hours after extravasation). Produces toxic mediators.

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17
Q 
What would a macrophage be called in the…?
CNS?
Liver?
Lung?
Bone?
A

Microglia
Kupffer cells
Alveolar macrophage
Osteoclast

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18
Q

Briefly describe DCs

A

Low frequency cells. Key role in controlling the initiation or adaptive immunity or tolerization. DCs are phagocytic/pinocytic prior to maturation/activation. Excellent for Ag uptake and presentation.

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19
Q

Who discovered the DC and when?

A

Ralph Steinman in 1980s

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20
Q

What cell is known as Nature’s Adjuvant?

A

DCs

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21
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A

The killing of antibody coated parasites

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22
Q

What is the function of a basophil?

A

Was unknown. But they help to regulate the T helper responses.

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23
Q

What is the function of a mast cell?

A

To release granules containing histamine and other active agents. They also recruit effector elements to the site of infection and increase the flow of lymph.

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24
Q

What does mast cell activation cause?

Study These Flashcards
A

Degranulation

25
Name the lymphoid cells.
B and T lymphocytes, NK cells, as well as some DCs
26
From what are lymphoid progenitors derived?
Stem cells
27
Where do lymphocytes differentiate from their progenitors?
In the bone marrow but they develop in other areas.
28
Briefly describe NK cells
They do not destroy microorganisms directly but attact infected cells that appear to be tumours. NKT cells have phenotypic properties common to NK and classic T cells.
29
What did NK cells used to be called?
LGL – large, granular lymphocytes
30
How are NK/NKT cells turned on?
Via cytokines (esp IL-12), decreased expression of MHC molecules on cell surfaces, and binding of ligands for their expressed TLRs
31
What are the two NK/NKT cell functions?
Killing target cells and producing cytokines (esp IFNgamma) to call for help.
32
What are the essential characteristics of the immune response?
``` Discriminating between self and non-self Antigen-specificity Amplification of selective responses Diversification Memory Turning responses off Redundancy ```
33
Why does the immune system need to be specific?
Ensure distinct Ags for specific attack of infection
34
Why does the immune system need to be diverse?
To respond to a large variety of invaders
35
Why does the immune system need to have memory?
Leads to a more rapid/enhanced response to a repeated attack/exposure
36
Why does the immune system need clonal expansion?
Increases number of Ag specific lymphocytes to keep up with the invading microbes.
37
Why does the immune system need to be specialized?
To generate optimal responses to quickly defend the body
38
Why does the immune system need to be homeostatic?
To respond to newly encountered Ags
39
Why does the immune system need to be non-reactive to self?
Prevents injury to self
40
What are the two arms of the immune system?
Innate and adaptive
41
Briefly describe the innate immunity.
Quick to develop and Ag non-specific to contain pathogens initially. Relies on mechanisms existant prior to infection.
42
Briefly describe the adaptive immunity.
Second to respond. Ag specific allows most appropriate response. Highly targeted andexhibits memory. Stimulated by exposure to infectious agents.
43
What are the implications of the defense against microbes?
Deficient immunity increases odds of infection while vaccination boosts immune defences
44
How do you identify different immune cell types?
Physical appearance, CD/ Ag system
45
What do lymphocytes look like?
They are small, granulocytes with large granules that stain in different ways in the lab.
46
Where is CD3 found?
On ALL T cells, not on B cells
47
What are the main subgroups of T cells?
CD4 and CD8
48
Where are CDs 19 and 20 found?
On B cells but NOT T cells
49
Where is CD56 found?
On NK cells
50
What are the two major cellular reactions available to the innate immune system? By what are they mediated?
Inflammation and antiviral defense inflammation induced by cytokines and other molecules which serve to bring leukocytes and plasma protein to the site of infection or injury Antiviral defense is mediated by type I IFNs and NK cells
51
How are complement proteins activated? | What do complement proteins do once activated?
Activated by microbes (three pathways) | Kill microbes and coat them for phagocytosis
52
What four strategies does the adaptive immune response use to combat the majority of microbes?
Secreted antibodies bound to extracellular microbes to block infection and promote ingestion. Phagocytes ingest microbes and T helpers enhace microbicide by phagocytes. Helper T cells recruit leukocytes to destroy microbes and enhance epithelial barrier fucntion Cytotoxic T cells destroy cells infected by microbes that are inaccessible to antibodies.
53
What are the sequential adaptive immune response phases?
``` Ag recognition by lymphocytes Activation of lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate Elimination of microbes Decline of immune response Long-lived memory ```
54
What is humoral immunity?
Antibodies neutralizing and eradicating extracellular microbes and toxins
55
What is cell mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes eradicate intracellular microbes
56
Describe the progeny of B lymphocytes.
Plasma cells secrete the antibodies that neutralize and eliminate the antigen
57
What do helper T lymphocytes do?
Produce cytokines that activate phagocytes Recruit leukocytes Activate B lymphocytes to produce antibodies
58
What to APCs do?
Capture Ag of microbes entering through epithelia and concentrate these Ags in lymphoid organs to display for T cells
59
Where do immune responses get initiated and develop?
Peripheral lymphoid organs

Immunology 7070 (15 decks)

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