Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1 > Introduction to life > Flashcards

Introduction to life Flashcards

Active learning

1
Q

Name 7 characteristics of a living organism

A
  • Evolutionary aptations
  • Response to environment
  • Reproduction
  • Growth and development
  • Energy processing
  • Regulation
  • Order
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are “Evolutionary adaptations”? Give an example.

A

Advantages one develops i order to survive.

ex. Camouflage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a response to the environment?

Give an example.

A

How a body reacts to its surrounding.

ex. The Venus fly trap closing when a fly gets near it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of transfer of energy

A
  • Anabolism (consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule)
  • Catabolism (Releases energy by breaking down complex molecules)
  • Metabolism (totality of an organism’s chemical reactions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Homeostatsis

A

Steady-state physiological condition of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Properties of water

A
  1. Cohesive behaviour
  2. Ability to moderate temperature
  3. Expansion upon freezing
  4. Versatility as a solvent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Main large molecules

A

Macromolecules:

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acid

Not macromolecule:
- Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

When two molecules bonded covalently and a molecule of water is lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hydrolysis

A

When a larger molecule is broken down to two smaller molecule by adding water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Carbohydrate

A
  • Sugars and polymers of sugars
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

dehaydration reaction that bonds two monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Uses of carbohydrates

A
  • Storage polysaccharides

- Structural polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Storage polysaccharides

A
  • Plants storesugar as starch

- Animals store carbs as glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Starch

A

Where plants store sugars

  • Amylose (simple, unbranched)
  • Amylopectin (branched)

ex. Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glycogen

A
  • Where animals keep their carbs
  • Looks similar to amylopectin but even more branched
  • Foud in liver and muscle cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ring structures for glucose

A
  • Beta: -OH group of firt C is above plane of ring

- Alpha: -OH group of fist C is below the plane of ring

17
Q

Lipids

A
  • Hydrophobic molecules
  • not true polymers
  • Too small to be a macromolecule

Types:

  • Fats
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids

Fat= 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

18
Q

Proteins

A

Types:

  • Enzematic
  • Hormonal
  • Transport
  • Structural
  • Defensive
  • Storage
  • Recptor
  • Contractile and motor

Charcteristics:

  • Chains of amino acids called polypetides or peptides
  • Amino acid placed in specific sequences creates specific proteins
  • R-variant decides of amino acid
  • Wrong amino acid sequence in proteins can/does cause diseases
  • Misfolding is also associated with diseases (ex. Cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, mad cow disease)
  • Linked by dehydration reactions

Funtions:

  • Depend on type
  • Mostly help accelerate reaction time without being consumed by reaction
  • Lock and specific for each type of protein
19
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Types:

  • DNA
  • RNA

Characteristics:
- Polymers made of nucleotides

Functions:
- Store, transmit and help express hereditary information determined by genes

20
Q

DNA

A
  • Genetic material inherited from parents
  • Chromosomes
  • DNA copied and passed on during cell division
  • Contains info to program all cell’s activities

Does not carry out all the activities –> controls proteins to do it

  • Genes direct synthesis of mRNA
21
Q

Gene expression

A
  • Process of RNA synthesis

- Protein synthesis by means of RNA

22
Q

Protein synthesis

A
  • By means of RNA
  • Controlled/directed by DNA (genes)
  • In the ribosomes
23
Q

Nucleotides

A

Parts of a nucleotide:

  1. Nitrogenous base
  2. Pentose sugar
  3. One or more phosahte group
24
Q

Nucleoside

A

Sugar + nitrogenous base

25
Q

Phosphodiester linkages

A
  • Join nucleotides
  • Phosphate groups links the sugars of 2 nucleotides
  • This creates a repeating pattern of sugar-phophate units (phos[hate-sugar backbone)
  • Nitrogenous bases are NOT part of the backbone
26
Q

Structure of DNA

A
  • Double helix formed by 2 polynucleotide strands
  • 2 backbones that run in opposite directions (antiparallel)
  • Strands are complementary
27
Q

Structure of RNA

A
  • Single strand
28
Q

Cellular work

A
  1. Chemical
    - Pushing endergonic reactions that wouldn’t happen on their own
  2. Transport
    - Pumping subtances across membranes
  3. Mechanical
    - Muscle contraction, movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction
    - ATP binds to motor protein
    - ATP hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi
    - Another ARP binds
    - Each time, motor protein shape changes, and it walks along
29
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphospahte

Contains:

  • Ribose
  • Nitrogenous base (adenine)
  • Triphosphate (a Chain of 3 phosphate groups)

Used for energy, and to make RNA

30
Q

Phophate group bonds

A
  • Phosphate group bonds can be broken by hydrolysis

When terminal phosphate bond is broken

  • Molecule of Pi leaves
  • ATP becomes ADP

Reaction is exergonic

31
Q

Exogernic

A

Releases energy

32
Q

Edergonic

A

Uses energy

Biology 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions