Introduction to lower limbs

Question 1

functions of lower limbs

Answer 1

supporting and locomotor functions

Question 2

ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 2

weight transmission ossuary through the sacrum

Question 3

femur

Answer 3

directed downward and medially

articulates with tibia and patella (sesamoid bone)

Question 4

sesamoid bone location

Answer 4

sits in tendon of quadricep muscle

Question 5

weight transmission

Answer 5

through sacrum

through tibia

Question 6

characteristics of tarsal and metatarsal bones

Answer 6

stable and flexible

Question 7

classification of lower limb

Answer 7

1. gluteal region
2. thigh
3. knee
4. leg
5. ankle/talocrural region
6. foot

Question 8

superior boundary of gluteal region

Answer 8

• iliac crest
• greater trochanter
• anterior superior iliac spine (asis)

Question 9

inferior boundary of gluteal region

Answer 9

gluteal fold

Question 10

what separates both gluteal boundaries

Answer 10

intergluteal fold

Question 11

function of bones in hip

Answer 11

form protective bony walls of pelvic cavity and part of birth canal

Question 12

appendicular bones of the hip

Answer 12

3 separate bones:

1. ilium (acetabulum - socket; ASIS papable)
2. ischium
3. pubis (pubic symphysis) - have cartilage to allow movement

Question 13

axial bones of hip

Answer 13

sacrum: 4 bones
coccyx: 3-5 bones, variable

Question 14

how are the hip bones joined together

Answer 14

by hyaline cartilage

Question 15

when are the hip bones completely mature

Answer 15

by approx 35 yrs

Question 16

sex differences of hip/pelvis bones

Answer 16

in females:

• bones are thinner
• muscular markings not as prominent
• less funnel shaped (to carry baby) - more rounded
• distances between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities greater
• wider greater sciatic notch
• sub-pubic angle approx 90º
• women more prone to osteoporosis

Question 17

where is the thigh

Answer 17

lies between the gluteal, abdominal and perineal regions

Question 18

boundaries between abdomen and thigh

Answer 18

anteriorly: inguinal ligament
medially: hip bone

Question 19

anterior thigh muscles

Answer 19

quadriceps

• vastus lateralis
• vastus intermedius
• vastus medialis
• rectus femoris

Question 20

what muscles are involved in knee extension

Answer 20

vastus muscles

Question 21

what does the rectus femurs flex

Answer 21

it also flexes hip

Question 22

posterior thigh muscles

Answer 22

hamstrings - antagonist of quadriceps

Question 23

thigh bone

Answer 23

femur

Question 24

how many joints do the hamstrings act on

Answer 24

2 joints

Question 25

how long is the hamstring

Answer 25

entire length of femur

Question 26

origin of hamstrings

Answer 26

ischial tuberosity (apart from short head of biceps femoris)

Question 27

movements in which hamstrings are involved

Answer 27

flexion of knee extension of hip walking, running, jumping

Question 28

femur characteristics

Answer 28

``` single thigh bone longest and heaviest bone of the body length: 1/4 of person's height angle of inclination: 125º - decreases from birth - smaller in females can put 20% of body weight on it ```

Question 29

what happens to the hip joint when suffering from arthritis

Answer 29

the ball-socket joint is not smooth and they are really close together there is inflammation

Question 30

where does the thigh articulate with the leg

Answer 30

at knee joint (unstable joint)

Question 31

what comprises the knee

Answer 31

the femur, tibia and patella

Question 32

where is the femur expanded

Answer 32

at the articular condyles (epicondyles) | expansion as person grows

Question 33

what separates the knee and the femur

Answer 33

the intercondylar fossa

Question 34

which part of the knee articulates with the patella

Answer 34

the anterior united surface articulates with the patella

Question 35

which type of joint is the knee joint

Answer 35

primarily a hinge type synovial joint | largest most superficial joint

Question 36

movements allowed by the knee joint

Answer 36

flexion and extension

Question 37

what ligaments are there around the knee

Answer 37

intra and extra capsular ligaments

Question 38

why is the anterior cruciate easily damaged

Answer 38

it has less blood supply

Question 39

what avoids the bones in the knee from rubbing against each other

Answer 39

the menisci

Question 40

to where is the medial meniscus joined to

Answer 40

the medial collateral ligament - likely to be damaged

Question 41

why is the lateral meniscus more flexible

Answer 41

it is not joined to the lateral collateral ligament - it is likely to be damaged

Question 42

what 3 things go wrong in the unhappy triad

Answer 42

damaged anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus

Question 43

what forms the leg

Answer 43

the tibia and fibula

Question 44

how can the tibia be felt

Answer 44

subcutaneously

Question 45

does the fibula have weight bearing functions

Answer 45

no

Question 46

movements allowed by the fascial compartments of the leg

Answer 46

anterior: dorsiflexion, inversion/eversion lateral: foot evertors and plantar flexion posterior: superficial- plantar flexion; deep- flexion of toes

Question 47

foot functions

Answer 47

1. provides a platform for supporting the weight of the body | 2. important role in locomotion

Question 48

what forms the foot

Answer 48

7 tarsal bones 5 metatarsal bones 14 phalanges

Question 49

regions of the foot

Answer 49

plantar region dorsal region heel region ball of foot