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MCBM- Exam 1 > Introduction to Metabolism and Nutrition > Flashcards

Introduction to Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of vitamins

A

Enzyme cofactors

Antioxidants

Ligands for hormone receptors

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2
Q

Functions of minerals and trace elements

A

Bone mineralization

Muscle contraction

Production of ATP, enzyme, and protein cofactors

Cellular transport

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3
Q

Components of carbohydrates

A

Mono, di, and poly saccharides

Fiber

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4
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

Energy production

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5
Q

Function of amino acids

A

Protein synthesis

Carbons for glucose

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6
Q

Function of fats

A

Energy production

Absorption of fat soluble vitamins

Prostaglandin synthesis

Components of cell membrane

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7
Q

What is the effect of consumption of trans fatty acids

A

High LDL

Low HDL

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8
Q

What is the effect of saturated fatty acids?

A

High LDL

Little effect on HDL

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9
Q

What is the effect of monosaturated fatty acid?

A

Low LDL

Maintain or increase HDL

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10
Q

What is the effect of omgea-6 fatty acids

A

Low LDL

High HDL

Provide arachidonic acid = precursor of leukotrienes and prostaglandins

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11
Q

What is the effect of omega 3 fatty acids

A

Little effect on LDL and HDL

Supress cardiac arrhythmia

Reduce serum triglycerides

Decrease tendency of thrombosis

Lower blood pressure

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12
Q

What fatty acids lead to a decrease in incidence of coronary artery disease

A

monosaturated fatty acid

Polysaturated omga-3

Polysaturated omega-6

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13
Q

What are AMDRs

A

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

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14
Q

What are the beneficial effects of fiber

A

Reduces consipation –> reduces risk for diverticulitis

Increases bowel motility –> reduces risk for colon cancer

Decreases absorption of dietary fat and cholesterol –> reduces risk for cardiovascular disease

Delays gastric emptying

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15
Q

What are DRIs?

A

Dietary reference intake

Set of dietary reference values designed to prevent deficiencies and maintain health

Refer to long-term average daily nutrient intakes

Designated for specific age group, physiologic states, and gender

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16
Q

What are the dietary reference intake (DRI) standards?

A

Estimated average requirement

Recommended dietary allowance

Adequate intake

Tolerable upper level intake

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17
Q

What is EAR?

A

Estimated average requirement

Average daily intake level adequate for 50% of the healthy individuals in a specific life stage and gender group

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18
Q

What is RDA?

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance

Average daily intake level adequate for almost all healthy individuals in specific life stage and gender group

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19
Q

What is AI?

A

Adequate intake

Estimated range of intake when RDA or EAR cannot be established due to insufficient scientific evidence

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20
Q

What is the only DRI value that is a range?

A

AI- Adequate intake

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21
Q

What is UL?

A

Tolerable upper level intake

Highest average daily intake level with no adverse effects to almost all individuals (useful supplements and fortified foods)

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22
Q

kcal/g of carbs, fats, and proteins

A

Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/g

Fats: 9 kcal/g

Proteins: 4 kcal/g

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23
Q

What is DIT?

A

Diet induced thermogenesis

Energy expenditure process of food

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24
Q

What are the 3 main uses of energy in the human body?

A

Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Thermic effect of food

Physical activity

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25
What is RMR?
Resting metabolic rate Energy expenditure of a resting, post-absorptive individual
26
What is the thermic effect of food?
Energy expenditure to process food
27
What is included in physical activity?
Energy expenditure during exercise Amount of expenditure depends on duration and intensity
28
What is TEE?
Total energy expenditure over a 24 hour period Is equal to RMR + TEF + Physical activity
29
If TEE is = intake
You have energy balance
30
If TEE is greater than intake?
Use use stores of energy --> weight loss
31
If TEE is less than intake
Store excess --> weight gain
32
TEE is equal or greater than intake
By increasing physical activity and/or decreasing energy intake
33
Fatty acids and carbs are stored in the body as
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) in adipose tissue
34
Carbohydrates are stored in the body as
Glycogen
35
Glycogen vs Triacylglycerols
Glycogen is stored in muscle and liver and are more hydrated Triacylglycerols are stored in adipose tissue
36
BMI is calculated as
Weight (kg)/ [height (m)]^2 Weight (lb)/ [height (in)]^2 x 703
37
What is BMI values are considered overweight and obese
Overweight: 25-29.9 Obese: 30+
38
What is metabolism?
Sum total of chemical and physical changes
39
What are the goals of metabolism?
Energy generation and synthesis of macromolecules
40
Catabolic pathways require ATP ___ Anabolic pathways require ATP ___
Catabolic: ATP synthesis (ADP + Pi --> ATP) Anabolic: ATP hydrolysis (ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi or AMP + PPi)
41
If the energy change of a cell is close to 1
The cell is energy efficient
42
If the energy of a cell is close to 0
The cell is energy depleted
43
If ATP levels are low, __ pathways are on
Catabolic
44
If ATP levels are high, __ pathways are on
Anabolic
45
How is metabolism regulated?
Substrate availability and accessibility Enzyme activity
46
How can enzyme activity be regulated?
Allosteric regulation Covalent modification Induction and repression by hormones
47
Allosteric bonds are ___ and have a __ effect
Non-covalent bonds Transient effect
48
The effector in allosteric regulation can be
Substrate or product in the same pathway
49
What are types of allosteric regulation
Feed-forward stimulation Feed-back inhibition
50
Allosteric regualtion is __ and __ communication
fast acting and short-range
51
Allosteric regulation allows enzymes and pathways to respond to __ signals
Intraceullar signals
52
Covalent modification has a __ and __ effect
Reversible and transient effect
53
Covalent modificaiton includes
Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation by kinases and phosphatases
54
Kinases and phosphatases are regulaed by
Extracellular signals (hormones)
55
Covalent modification is __ and __ communication
Fast-acting and long-range communication
56
Covalent modification allows cell to respond to ___ signals
Extracellular signals
57
Induction and repression leads to
Increase or decrease in intracellular enzyme levels (via mRNA and protein synthesis)
58
How does induction and repression work?
Alters number of active sites in cell
59
Reduction and repression has a __ effect
Permanent
60
Induction and repression is mediated by
Hormones
61
Induction and repression are ___ and ___ communication
Slow acting and long range
62
Induction and repression allow cells to respond to ___ signals
Extracellular
63
What is the committed step of a reaction?
First irreversible reaction unique to the pathway
64
What is the most highly regulated enzyme in a pathway?
The enzyme catalyzing the committed step

MCBM- Exam 1 (7 decks)

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