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microbiology > introduction to microbiology > Flashcards

introduction to microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of very tiny organisms

A

microbiology

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2
Q

the study of microorganisms that is capable of infecting and causing diseases for human

A

medical microbiology

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3
Q

what are the characteristics of bacteria

A

-Unicellular
-primitive nucleus
no nuclear membrane

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4
Q

the genome of bacteria is

A

Single circular double stranded DNA
can harbour plasmids

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5
Q

Define plasmids

A

small circular DNA

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6
Q

where does the bacteria mostly develop

A

in liquid or solid media

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7
Q

when does the bacteria can be seen

A

when the colony is formed

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8
Q

organisms adapt to new environment
grow in size
making metabolic enzymes

A

Lag phase

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9
Q

what are the typical growth curve in favourable conditions

A

1-lag
2- log
3-stationary
4-decline

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10
Q

in what phase does the antibiotics work

A

log

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11
Q

the rabid growth happen in…

A

log

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12
Q

nutrients begin to deplete in what phase ?

A

stationary

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13
Q

the toxic products accumulates
in what phase

A

in stationary

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14
Q

the number of dead cells = living cells

A

stationary

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15
Q

cells stop dividing

A

stationary

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16
Q

what happen during decline phase

A

number of living cells less than the dead cells

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17
Q

what is the optimal ph for bacteria to grow

A

7

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18
Q

the natural range of ph oc bacteria to live is ?

A

from .5 to 10.5

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19
Q

the bacteria that live in extreme ph is?

A

acidophils and alkalophils

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20
Q

the optimal temperature for bacteria is

A

37 c

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21
Q

the important medically species live in temperature

A

from 25 to 40

22
Q

bacteria needs to live in most temperatures
is

A

water

23
Q

the effect of o2 in obligate Aerobe

A

utilized for aerobic respiration

24
Q

In aerobic environment the obligate Aerobe

A

grow

25
Q

the effect of o2 in obligate Anaerobe

A

Toxic

26
Q

facultative Anaerobe/Aerobe

A

not required for growth but utilized when present

27
Q

the effect of o2 in microaerophile

A

required at low level below 0.2

28
Q

the effect of o2 in aerotolerant Anaerobe

A

not required and not utilized no benefit

29
Q

function of cytoplasmic membrane are:

A

Selective permeability.
— Active transport of nutrients.
— Secretion & excretion of toxins
— Site of respiration.
— Cell wall synthesis.
— Role in DNA replication.

30
Q

bacterial cell wall functions:

A

1- Rigid structure that maintains the shape of bacteria.
2- Osmotically insensitive; it protects the cytoplasmic
membrane from bursting in hypotonic solutions.
3- Participate in cell division.
4- The cell wall composition plays role in
determining the cell’s reaction to gram stain.

31
Q

gram positive cell wall contain

A

peptidoglycan (thick)
Teichoic acid

32
Q

what is responsible for cell wall rigidity

A

peptidoglycan

33
Q

peptidoglycan contain :

A

Sugar derivatives
– N-acetyl muramic acid
– N-acetyl glucosamine
*
Amino acids
– D and L alanine; glutamic acid
– AND EITHER Lysine or diaminopimelic acid (DAP)

34
Q

layers of gram negative cell wall

A

-cytoplasmic membrane.
-periplasmic space : (lying between cytoplasmic membrane and outer layer)
-outer membrane (OM) layer composed of lipopolysaccharide.

35
Q

periplasmic space contents:

A

contain a gel like substance composed of proteins and enzymes including the thin peptidoglycan.)

36
Q

composed of lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) called endotoxin with special channels consisting of protein
molecules called porins.

A

outer membrane OM

37
Q

are species of bacteria which are naturally
devoid of cell wall. They are the only bacterial species
deficient in cell wall.

A

mycoplasm

38
Q

mycoplasm shape

A

pleomorphic

39
Q

mare not destroyed by penicillin which acts on the bacterial cell
wall, and can not be stained with gram stain.

A

mycoplasm

40
Q

what ore other techniques that used to differniate bacteria

A

Acid-fast staining
* Waxy cells do not readily Gram stain
* Mycobacteria and Ziehl Neelsen stain

. Structural stains
* Spores
* Flagella
* Capsules

41
Q

endospores function :

A

Resistance to
– Heat, radiation, chemicals
* Environmental dispersal

42
Q

how can endospores visuilased

A

Malachite green as primary stain
and safranin as counterstain.

43
Q

organs of motility in all motile bacteria.

A

flagella

44
Q

flagella function:

A

They move the bacteria towards nutrients and other attractants.

45
Q

where does the flagella attached

A

basal body in cytoplasmic membrane

46
Q

how is movement of bacteria mediated ?

A

random untill the cell reaches the chemical or physical agents

47
Q

examples of bacteria movement :

A

Chemotaxis – response to chemicals
Phototaxis – response to light
Aerotaxis – response to oxygen
Osmotaxis – response to ionic strength
Hydrotaxis – response to water

48
Q

where is the attatchement of pilli

A

extend outwards from the cell surface.

49
Q

where the pilli usually found

A

gram negative

50
Q

the flagella composed of

A

subunits of a protein, pilin.

microbiology (9 decks)

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