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Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology > Introduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

Study of organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye.

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2
Q

What are microbes/microorganisms commonly referred to as?

A

“Germs” or “bugs”.

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3
Q

What 7 organisms are included as microorganisms?

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • algae
  • protozoa
  • helminths
    +
  • prions are a recent addition.
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4
Q

What are prions?

A

Infectious proteins.

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5
Q

What is bacteriology?

A

Study of bacteria.

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6
Q

What is mycology?

A

Study of fungi and yeast.

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7
Q

What is virology?

A

Study of viruses.

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8
Q

What is parasitology?

A

Study of parasitic protozoans and helminths.

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9
Q

What is immunology?

A

Study of the humoral and cellular immune response to disease agents and allergies.

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10
Q

What is epidemiology and public health microbiology?

A

Study of the distribution and spread of diseases and their control and prevention.

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11
Q

What is food microbiology?

A

Study of the use of microbes in the production of food products and drinks.

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12
Q

What is agricultural and veterinary microbiology?

A

Study of the use of microbes to increase crop and livestock yield and control of plant pests and animal diseases.

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13
Q

What is environmental microbiology?

A

Study of the beneficial and harmful effects of microbes on the environment.

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14
Q

Describe 4 factors of the importance of microbiology.

A
  • First bacteria
  • Photosynthesis and decomposition
  • Human use of microorganisms
  • Infectious diseases
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15
Q

Microbes are involved in photosynthesis and account for about 50% of the earth’s _____________.

A

Oxygen; also involved in decomposition and nutrient recycling.

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16
Q

What are 3 examples of beneficial uses of microbes?

A
  1. Extraction of copper from ore
  2. Synthesis of drugs, hormones, and enzymes
  3. Bioremediation: use of microbes to degrade organic matter in sewage and detoxify pollutants such as oil spills.
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17
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

The use of microbes as miniature biochemical factories to produce food and chemicals.

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18
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Makes use of molecular biology and recombinant DNA techniques as new tools for biotechnology.

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19
Q

What does gene therapy do?

A

Replaces missing or defective genes in human cells through genetic engineering.

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20
Q

What are genetically modified bacteria used for??

A

Used to protect crops from pests and freezing.

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21
Q

What is the name of the agency where notifiable diseases are reported?

A

United States Public Health Service. (USPHS)

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22
Q

What does the Center for Disease Control (CDC) do?

A

Collects disease data around the USA and publishes the MMWR (morbidiy and mortality weekly report).

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23
Q

What is the MMWR?

A

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
Conducted by the CDC

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24
Q

What is the World Health Organization?

A

Medical arm of the UN that monitors diseases worldwide.

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25
What are the 2 methods of microbial taxonomy?
- Woese-Fox 3 Domain system - traditional Whitaker 5 Kingdom System.
26
Who introduced the binomial system of scientific nomenclature?
Linnaeus.
27
Each organism has how many names and what are they?
2 names: Genus and species epithet
28
How should microbiological nomenclature be written?
Both names are Italicized or underlined The genus name should be capitalized and the species name in lowercase.
29
True or false: After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and full species epithet.
True.
30
What is Staphylococcus aureus?
A clustered arrangement of cells with a golden yellow color of colonies.
31
What is Escherichia coli?
Bacteria with a scientific name that honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes its habitat, the colon.
32
What are the general characteristics of prokaryotes?
No nucleus or organelles.
33
What are the general characteristics of eukaryotes?
They have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
34
What are the general characteristics of acellular agents?
Genomes contain either DNA or RNA; newer agent is proteinaceous.
35
What are the 3 domains under the 3 domain system?
Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria.
36
What 5 kingdoms are grouped under the domain Eukarya?
- various protozoa - various algae - plants/green algae - animals - fungi
37
Describe the structure of microbial cells.
Microbial cells are of the small, relatively simple prokaryotic variety, or the larger, more complex eukaryotic type.
38
Describe the structure of a virus.
Viruses are tiny particles, not cells, that consist of genetic material surrounded by a protective covering.
39
What is a nucleoid?
Coiled DNA within a prokaryotic cell that is not enclosed by a nuclear envelope (no nucleus).
40
By what two methods are prokaryotes able to evolve to prokaryotes?
Either by picking up chloroplasts or mitochondria.
41
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes with respect to chromosomes?
Prokaryotes: single, circular haploid genome Eukaryotes: multiple, diploid genome.
42
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes with respect to the cytoplasmic membrane?
Prokaryotes: no sterols Eukaryotes: contains sterols.
43
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes with respect to the cell wall?
Prokaryotes: usually present; chemically complex Eukaryotes: present in fungi, absent in others.
44
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes with respect to ribosomes?
Prokaryotes: 70S (50S +30S) Eukaryotes: 80S (60S+40S).
45
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes with respect to their respiratory system?
Prokaryotes: located in cytoplasmic membrane Eukaryotes: via mitochondria or chloroplast.
46
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes with respect to their reproduction?
Prokaryotes: asexual via binary fission Eukaryotes: sexual and asexual via mitosis.
47
Microbes vary in size ranging from ___________ to ______________.
10 nm, 100 um.
48
Viruses in nm = what in m?
10^-9.
49
Bacteria in um = what in m?
10^-6.
50
Helminths in mm = what in m?
10^-3.
51
What are the 3 characteristics of the domain Archaea?
- Prokaryotes - Lack peptidoglycan (makes up the cell wall) - Live in extreme environments (extremophiles).
52
What 3 organisms are included in the domain Archaea?
- methanogens - extreme halophiles (salt-loving) - extreme thermophiles (heat-loving)
53
What are the 3 characteristics of the domain Bacteria?
- Prokaryotes - Have a peptidoglycan cell wall - Reproduce via binary fission.
54
What is an example of the domain Bacteria?
Escherichia coli.
55
What are the 3 characteristics of fungi?
- Non-photosynthetic - Unicellular: yeast - Multicellular: filamentous/mold.
56
What are 3 examples of fungi?
- yeast - mold - mushrooms
57
What are the 3 characteristics of protozoa?
- Eukaryotes - Mostly saprobes and commensals - Can be motile by means of pseudopods, cilia, or flagella.
58
What are 2 examples of protozoa?
- Trypanosome spp. - Giardia spp.
59
What are the 5 characteristics of algae?
- Eukaryotes - Cellulose cell walls - Photosynthetic - Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds - Part of the food chain.
60
Where is algae found?
On water and other surfaces.
61
What are 2 the characteristics of helminths?
- Eukaryotes: multicellular animals - Microscopic stages in life cycles.
62
What are 2 examples of helminths?
- parasitic flatworms - roundworms.
63
What are the characteristics of viruses?
- Acellular - Obligate intracellular parasites - Genome consists of DNA or RNA called core.
64
What is the capsid of a virus?
Protein coat that surrounds the DNA/RNA core.
65
What might a virion be enclosed in?
A lipid envelope.
66
What are prions?
Proteinaceous infectious agents.
67
What do prions cause?
- Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy - Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease - Emerging Infectious Disease.

Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology (8 decks)

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