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Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology > Principles of Diseases > Flashcards

Principles of Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of pathology?

A

Study of disease

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2
Q

What is the definition of etiology?

A

Study of the cause of a disease

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3
Q

What is the definition of pathogenesis?

A

The development of a disease

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4
Q

What is the definition of infection?

A

The colonization or invasion of the body by a pathogen

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5
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A

Condition in which the body is in an abnormal state and not performing normal functions

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6
Q

There can be instances of ____________ but no _____________

A

Infection but no disease

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7
Q

Are all microbes disease-causing?

A

No

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8
Q

When does the normal microbiome of the body begin establishment?

A

Immediately after birth

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9
Q

How does an animal acquire additional friendly body bacteria?

A

Either from feed, other animals, or humans if it is a pet

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10
Q

The normal microbiome remains ___________ on the animal.

A

Permanently

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11
Q

Human beings have about how many normal bacteria on their body?

A

About 100 trillion

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12
Q

What are transient microbiome bacteria?

A

Bacteria that are present on the animal only for days, weeks, or even months before they disappear; types may change with age, feeds, etc.

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13
Q

When would bacteria of the microbiome cause disease?

A
  • If they have access to sites they wouldn’t normally be found
  • Host is immune-compromised
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14
Q

What is microbial antagonism of the microbiome?

A

The microbiome causes competitive exclusion by crowding out the would-be pathogens

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15
Q

How does the microbiome protect the body?

A

Competes for nutrients, produces substances harmful to invading microbes, and affects the oxygen and available pH of the body

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16
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Relationships between the host and normal microbiota; can be commensalism, mutualism, parasitic

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17
Q

Describe commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism.

A
  • Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is unaffected
  • Mutualism: both benefit
  • Parasitism: one benefits at the expense of the other
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18
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

An organism that would not normally be pathogenic to the host but becomes pathogenic when the body’s defense system is impaired

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19
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A

Developed by Robert Koch as a way of associating specific microbes with specific infectious diseases

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20
Q

What are exceptions to Koch’s postulates?

A
  • Some pathogens cause several disease conditions
  • Some pathogens infect only man and cannot be used to infect experimental animals
  • Some bacteria cannot be cultured or are difficult to grow in the lab
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21
Q

What are the two ways diseases can be classified?

A
  • Signs and symptoms
  • According to how they behave in the population
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22
Q

How are signs and symptoms different?

A

Symptoms: changes in the body function that are felt by the patient as a result of disease; more subjective

Signs: changes that can be measured or observed in the patient as a result of disease; more objective

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23
Q

How are diseases classified based on how they behave in a population?

A

Communicable: can be spread from one host to another

Contagious: easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

Non-communicable: not spread from one host to another

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24
Q

Define incidence.

A

The number of patients that develop the disease at a given period of time

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25
Define prevalence.
Number of patients that develop a disease at a specified time regardless of when it first appeared, taking note of the new and the old cases
26
Define sporadic.
Disease that occurs occasionally
27
Define endemic.
Disease that is always present in a population
28
Define epidemic.
Disease acquired by many patients within a short time in a given area
29
Define pandemic.
Worldwide
30
The severity or duration of disease depends on what?
Types of disease in question (acute, chronic, or latent)
31
Define acute disease.
Symptoms develop rapidly but last only a short time
32
Define chronic disease.
Symptoms develop slowly
33
Define latent disease.
Causative agent inactive for a period, then activates and produces symptoms
34
How are diseases classified according to extent of host involvement?
Localized, systemic, focal, septic, etc.
35
Define localized infection.
Microbe enters the body but is confined to a specific body tissue. Ex- abscess
36
Define systemic infection.
Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually the bloodstream.
37
Define focal infection.
Infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection site and is carried to other tissues
38
Define sepsis.
Toxic inflammatory condition, arising from the spread of microbes especially bacteria or their toxins from a site of infection
39
Define bacteremia.
Bacteria in the blood
40
Define septicemia.
Also blood poisoning, bacterial growth in the blood
41
Define toxemia.
Toxins in the blood
42
Define viremia.
Viruses in the blood
43
Define primary infection.
Acute infection that causes initial illness
44
Define secondary infection.
Opportunistic infection after a primary or predisposing infection
45
Define subclinical infection.
No noticeable signs or symptoms; inapparent
46
What are some predisposing factors that make the host more susceptible to infection or disease?
- Gender - Climate/weather - Lack of vaccination - Age - Fatigue - Nutrition - Genetic traits
47
What are the stages of disease development in order once an infectious agent is able to overpower bodily defenses?
Incubation -> Prodromal -> Period of illness -> Period of decline -> Period of convalescence
48
Define the incubation period.
Interval between the initial infection and first signs and symptoms
49
Define the prodromal period.
Short time after incubation period in which there are early mild or vague symptoms; non-specific, pathogens begin tissue invasion
50
Define the period of illness.
Disease is most severe, correlates with the increased number of microbes
51
Define the period of decline.
Signs and symptoms reduce; immune system and treatment overcoming the disease agent
52
Define the period of convalescence.
Body returns to its pre-diseased stage after body eliminates the microbe
53
What is seen during the invasive period of an infection?
- Increasing severity of symptoms - Fever, inflammation, swelling - Tissue damage - Infection may spread to other sites
54
The stage of most intense symptoms of an infection is referred to as what?
The critical stage
55
What are reservoirs of infection?
Continual sources of infection; for a disease to persist, there must be a continuous source of the agent responsible for it.
56
Define an animal reservoir.
Animals that have the disease and can transmit the agent directly or indirectly to susceptible other animals
57
What is a carrier animal?
A wild or domesticated animal with an inapparent or latent infection
58
How else can reservoirs for infection exist other than within the animal?
- Human via zoonoses - Non-living via soil, water, feed, etc.
59
Transmission of disease from reservoirs occurs through what 3 principle means?
- Droplet transmission - Vehicle transmission - Vector transmission
60
What is direct contact transmission?
Involves close association between the infected and the susceptible host
61
What is vertical or genital direct contact?
Transmission of infection from mother to fetus or to newborn at birth
62
What is indirect contact transmission?
When an infection is spread to a host by non-living objects or fomites
63
Describe droplet transmission.
- Direct: occurs via airborne droplets less than 1 M, susceptible host being in direct path of the droplet - Indirect: occurs when the susceptible host comes to a space where airborne particles are floating even though the source or sources of the particles are no longer present
64
Describe vehicle transmission.
Transmission by an inanimate reservoir either water-borne, food-borne, or air-borne
65
Describe vector transmission.
Spread of agents by arthropods like ticks, flies, fleas either biologically or mechanically
66
Describe biological vector transmission.
More active, pathogen reproduces in the vector, pathogen then transmitted through bite or arthropod feces
67
Describe mechanical vector transmission.
Arthropods carry pathogens on feet or wings physically and passively between different hosts
68
What is a nosocomial infection?
An infection that is acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility
69
What does a nosocomial infection result from?
- Microorganisms in hospital environment - Weakened status of host - Chain of transmission in clinic
70
What is a compromised host?
Patient whose resistance to infection is weakened/impaired by disease, therapy, or burn
71
How can health-associated infections be controlled?
Washing hands, aseptic techniques, and limiting patient stay in such an environment

Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology (8 decks)

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