Introduction to multiple sclerosis Flashcards
(11 cards)
1
Q
describe the prevalence of MS
A
- women twice as likely to develop MS than men
- MS more common in Caucasian population
- diagnosis usually occurs 20-30years
- 5-10% of these experience symptoms before 16 - MS symptoms present in children but often missed
2
Q
give examples of the main symptoms of MS
A
- fatigue
- cognitive impairment
- depression and anxiety
- optic neuritis
- dysphagia
- weakness
- spasms
- ataxia
- diarrhoea or constipation
- incontinence
3
Q
what is benign MS
A
no disability with a return to normal between attacks
4
Q
what is relapsing-remitting MS
A
unpredictable attacks which may possibly leave permenent deficits followed by periods of remission
5
Q
what is primary progressive MS
A
steady increase in disability without attacks
6
Q
what is secondary progressive MS
A
Initial relapsing-remitting MS that suddenly begins to decline without periods of remission
7
Q
what is progressive relapsing MS
A
steady decline since disease onset with superimposed attacks
8
Q
what are the pathological changes in EDSS in MS
A
- inflammation
- new waves of lymphocytes entering CNS
- blood brain barrier disturbance
- new active CNS lesions
- initial demyelination in active lesions
9
Q
what are the pathological changes in brain volume atrophy measures in MS
A
- trapped inflammation
- meningeal inflammatory agregates
- slow expansion of pre existing lesions
- subpial cortical demyelination
- diffuse white matter injury
- brain atrophy
10
Q
what are the primary causes of MS
A
- inflammatory/neurodegenerative pathology of MS leads to
- cytokine production
- functional effects on limbic system
- neuron loss, oligodendrocyte loss, synaptic degeneration
- lost connectivity, delayed processing
- hypothalamic lesions, autonomic lesions
- increased brain activation
- altered endocrine function
11
Q
what are the secondary causes of MS
A
- comorbidities
- other symptoms
- treatment side effects
